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近年来,随着我国“退二进三”、“退城进园”和“产业转移”等政策的实施,全国几乎所有大中城市都面临着重污染行业的企业关闭和搬迁问题,导致城市及周边地区出现大量遗留、遗弃有机污染场地[1]。这些污染场地已对人体健康和生态环境造成严重危害,且面临着急切的二次开发利用的难题,制约了城市的建设与发展[2]。多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是石化、焦化行业污染场地土壤中典型有毒、有害有机污染物,具有“三致效应”及生物毒性[3]。人类活动(如化石燃料不完全燃烧、工业生产、垃圾焚烧等)是环境中PAHs的主要来源[4],PAHs水溶性差且易与土壤有机质结合,进入土壤微孔不易释放出来,在土壤中的积累对环境形成威胁[5]。美国环境保护署已经将萘、菲、苯并(a)芘(benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)等16种PAHs列为优先控制污染物[6],其中BaP是PAHs代表性致癌物,可诱发多种癌症,在2006年,国际癌症研究机构(IARC)已将BaP归为Ⅰ类致癌物[7]。
目前,可用于修复PAHs污染土壤的原位修复技术主要包括热脱附、化学氧化、土壤洗涤、生物降解等[8]。原位热脱附技术自20世纪70年代开始应用于有机污染场地的修复,包括蒸汽强化提取技术、电阻加热技术、热传导技术和射频加热技术等[9]。原位热脱附技术的优点在于无须挖掘和运输污染土壤,二次污染相对可控,能够节约修复成本,对低渗透、不均质污染区域具有较强的适用性和较高的修复效率[8]。原位电阻加热修复技术(electrical resistance heating,ERH)基于欧姆定律,将电能转化为热能,提高土壤温度,即电场加速自由电荷载体转移动能引起能量转换[10-11]。ERH将土壤加热后,增加了土壤蒸汽压,并使部分污染物与水溶液发生共沸从而分离[12],最终通过气相抽提将污染物转移并处置。
已有研究证实,ERH对土壤中有机污染物具有很高的去除率。ZUTPHEN等[13]利用二维沙箱实验研究了电阻加热强化土壤气相抽提对土壤中三氯乙烯(TCE)的修复,结果表明,TCE的去除率较气相抽提提升了19倍,最终去除率为99.87%。MARTIN等[14]使用ERH对土壤中TCE进行修复,最终达到去除96.96%的修复目标。国内原位热脱附修复技术的研究和应用起步较晚。岳昌盛等[15]的研究证实,低温热解析通过增加保温时间能促进焦化场地中苯和多环芳烃解吸分离,表明在低温加热条件(<200 ℃)下,通过延长热脱附时间可以促进污染物的解析分离,达到工业/商服工地筛选值(0.4 mg·kg−1),类似的研究还有针对土壤中的五氯酚[16]、有机氯溶剂[17]等的解析分离。
ERH的主要影响因素包括土壤质地[18]、电导率、水分[10]以及电场强度[14]等。与砂土相比,黏土能优先加热,整体加热速率更高[17];高土壤导电性有助于电流的输送,从而产生较高的加热速率[17];土壤水分可以提供离子传输通道,促进加热[19],但地下水通量可能限制加热[20]。然而,基于实验室规模的ERH装置对这些因素的研究较少,难以筛选出最优条件。
鉴于BaP筛选值较低、难降解、毒性当量参数(TEFs)[21]大的特点,本研究以BaP为目标污染物,利用自制电阻加热小试装置,研究了土壤水分、盐分含量和电场强度对土壤电阻加热的影响,并结合热传导加热装置,在低温条件下,比较了2种加热方式对BaP的去除效果,为电阻加热技术修复BaP污染土壤提供参考。
电阻加热条件优化及其对污染土壤中苯并(a)芘的去除
Optimization of electrical resistance heating conditions and its removal performance from BaP contaminated soil
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摘要: 电阻加热(electrical resistance heating, ERH)是处置挥发性、半挥发性有机污染土壤极具应用潜力的技术之一。基于实验室模拟电阻加热和热传导加热(thermal conductive heating, TCH)小试装置,研究了土壤电阻加热的优选条件及其对土壤中苯并(a)芘(benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)去除率的影响以及土壤中BaP在电阻加热和热传导加热过程中的热脱附动力学。结果表明:土壤水分、盐分、电场强度显著影响土壤ERH升温速率与最高加热温度;在ERH最优条件为8 V·cm−1的电场强度下,添加6 mL的0.1% NaCl溶液,每30 min须补水6 mL,最终BaP去除率为51.56%;在ERH过程中温度变化与电流变化基本同步,土壤水分和持温时间是去除土壤中BaP的重要影响因素;BaP在土壤中去除过程符合抛物线扩散模型,说明BaP在土壤中的去除以微孔扩散为主,去除率受加热时间影响大。本实验结果可为电阻加热技术修复BaP污染土壤提供参考。Abstract: Electrical resistance heating (ERH) is one of the most potential technologies for the remediation of volatile and semi-volatile organic pollutants contaminated soils. In this study, ERH and TCH (thermal conductive heating) laboratory-scale devices were applied to explore the optimum conditions of ERH, evaluate BaP removal efficiency from contaminated soil, and investigate the thermal desorption reaction kinetics of BaP during the process of ERH and TCH disposals. The results indicated that the heating rate and maximum heating temperature in soil ERH process was significantly affected by soil moisture, salinity and electrical strength. The optimal conditions of ERH laboratory-scale devices was as follows. The electric strength of 8 V·cm−1, the addition of 6 mL 0.1% NaCl solution, the addition of 6 mL water every 30 min, the final BaP removal efficiency was 51.56%. The changes of temperature and electric current changes were synchronous during the process of ERH, and the soil moisture and temperature duration were significant factors affecting the BaP removal efficiency. The kinetics of tested BaP desorption were well fitted by parabolic diffusion, indicating that BaP removal from soil was dominated by micro-pore diffusion, which was greatly affected by the heating time. The results of this study can provide theoretical basis and data support for ERH application on BaP contaminated soil remediation.
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Key words:
- electrical resistance heating /
- benzo(a)pyrene /
- thermal desorption /
- soil remediation
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表 1 供试土壤基本性质
Table 1. Basic characteristics of tested soils
粒径分布/% pH 1~0.05 mm 0.05~0.005 mm < 0.005 mm 93.49 4.66 1.85 7.7 有机质含量/% N含量/% P含量/% K含量/% 0.97 0.84 0.32 0.33 表 2 苯并(a)芘的理化性质及供试土壤的污染情况
Table 2. Physicochemical properties of BaP and contamination analysis of tested soils
环数 相对分子质量 熔点/℃ 沸点/℃ lgK 5 252.0 179 475 5.91 毒性当量
参数(TEFs)理论浓度/
(mg·kg−1)实测浓度/
(mg·kg−1)建设用地筛选值
(SL)/(mg·kg−1)1 1.5 1.39 0.55 表 3 土壤中BaP脱附动力学拟合方程和R2
Table 3. BaP desorption kinetics equation from soils and R2
动力学方程 热传导加热BaP 电阻加热BaP 拟合方程 R2 拟合方程 R2 一级动力学方程 lnC=0.989−0.006t 0.989** lnC=1.003−0.004t 0.957** Elovich方程 C=1 688.732−143.677lnt 0.583* C=1 233.1−75.633lnt 0.677* 抛物线扩散方程 C=71.864t0.5+1 641.62 0.823** C =37.413t0.5+1 205.938 0.869** Freundlich动力学方程 lnC=7.497−0.125lnt 0.627* lnC=7.144−0.079lnt 0.653* 注:*表示P < 0.05,**表示P < 0.01。 -
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