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生猪养殖业近年来得到迅猛发展,养殖规模不断扩大,我国每年产生的畜禽粪污量达到38×108 t[1],由此产生的大量粪污严重威胁着周边的生态环境。通过厌氧发酵对猪粪废水进行处理是实现其资源化利用的有效手段[2-3]。由于饲养条件和粪污处理模式不同,猪粪废水中氨氮浓度差异较大[4-6]。氨氮能够为厌氧发酵提供氮源,适当的氨氮浓度有利于厌氧发酵,但氨氮浓度过高对厌氧发酵有抑制作用。
在研究氨氮对厌氧发酵的抑制作用时,由于使用的原料不同,抑制厌氧发酵的氨氮浓度和对厌氧发酵抑制的阶段也各不相同[7-10]。在高浓度氨氮抑制厌氧发酵的研究中,多以氯化铵作为模拟氮源。氯化铵溶解产生
$ {\rm{NH}}_4^{\rm{ + }}$ 和Cl−,而对厌氧发酵起抑制作用的主要是FAN而不是$ {\rm{NH}}_4^{\rm{ + }}$ [11-13],且Cl−对厌氧发酵也可能存在潜在的抑制作用[14-15]。由于猪对蛋白质饲料的利用率不高,饲料中大约50%~70%的氮以粪氮和尿氮的形式排出体外,在猪粪尿中,粪氮和尿氮含量分别占猪粪尿总量的约30%和70%,尿氮中有97%以尿素的形式存在[16],所以猪粪废水厌氧发酵氨氮的主要来源是尿素。TIAN等[17]采用模拟废水研究了尿素和氯化铵对厌氧发酵中4株乙酸型产甲烷菌和氢营养型产甲烷菌的抑制作用,结果发现尿素较氯化铵对产甲烷菌有更强的抑制作用。在复杂的实际废水厌氧发酵中,水解阶段的产酸、pH与温度均对FAN有影响[1]。以氯化铵和尿素为氮源,二者在厌氧发酵过程中氨氮释放规律可能有所不同。
$ {\rm{NH}}_4^{\rm{ + }}$ 离子和NH3分子对微生物抑制机理和程度可能存在一定差异,而两者的浓度关系与反应器的温度和pH直接相关,“氨氮-VFAs-碳酸盐”三元缓冲体系的调控模式亦会存在差异[1],二者对实际废水厌氧发酵的影响并不相同,并且目前有关不同氮源TAN能完成多少FAN转化的研究鲜有报道。因此,本研究以实际的猪粪废水为底物,研究了尿素和氯化铵对猪粪废水厌氧发酵的抑制作用,为解除高浓度氨氮废水在厌氧发酵中的抑制作用提供有效的解决办法。
不同氮源对猪粪废水厌氧发酵中氨抑制效果的影响
Ammonia inhibition effect of different nitrogen sources in anaerobic fermentation of swine manure wastewater
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摘要: 为明确不同氮源在猪粪废水厌氧发酵过程中的氨氮释放规律及其对厌氧发酵的抑制作用,以尿素和氯化铵为外加氮源,以固液分离后的猪粪废水为底物,在中温35 ℃条件下通过批式厌氧发酵,研究了不同总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen, TAN)浓度的外加氮源对猪粪废水厌氧发酵的影响。结果表明:在猪粪废水厌氧发酵过程中,以尿素为氮源产生的游离氨(free ammonia nitrogen, FAN)、挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids, VFAs)和pH均明显高于以氯化铵为氮源的处理组,但二者对应的总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen, TAN)没有明显的区别;以尿素为氮源(TAN≤500 mg·L−1)和以氯化铵为氮源(TAN≤1 500 mg·L−1)均能促进猪粪废水厌氧发酵产甲烷,但超过这一浓度后,均对产甲烷有抑制作用,尿素对猪粪废水厌氧发酵产生抑制的浓度(TAN>500 mg·L−1)远低于氯化铵(TAN>1 500 mg·L−1);相较氯化铵,以尿素为氮源对猪粪废水的厌氧发酵具有更强的氨抑制。以上结果可为高氨氮抑制厌氧发酵氮源的选择提供参考。Abstract: In order to understand the ammonia nitrogen release and its inhibition on the anaerobic fermentation of swine manure wastewater with different nitrogen sources, the batch experiments of mesophilic anaerobic fermentation at 35 ℃ was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen addition with total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration on the anaerobic fermentation of swine manure wastewater, in which urea and ammonia chloride were used as external nitrogen sources, respectively, swine manure wastewater after solid-liquid separation treatment was used as a fermentation substrate. The results showed that during the anaerobic fermentation process of swine manure wastewater, the free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) contents, as well as pH when urea was an external nitrogen source were significantly higher than those when ammonia chloride was an external nitrogen source, but the TAN concentration had almost no significant difference. The extro-nitrogen source of urea (TAN≤500 mg·L−1) or ammonium chloride (TAN≤1 500 mg·L−1) could promote methane production during anaerobic fermentation of swine manure wastewater, but methane production could be inhibited when urea or ammonium chloride concentration exceeded above critical value. Ammonia inhibitory concentration of urea on anaerobic fermentation of swine waste water (TAN>500 mg·L−1) was much lower than that of ammonium chloride (TAN>1 500 mg·L−1). Compared with ammonia chloride, urea as nitrogen source resulted in stronger ammonia inhibition on anaerobic fermentation of swine manure wastewater. This study provides a theoretical basis for nitrogen source selection during anaerobic fermentation under high ammonia nitrogen inhibition conditions.
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Key words:
- ammonia chloride /
- urea /
- swine manure wastewater /
- anaerobic fermentation /
- ammonia inhibition
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表 1 猪粪废水和接种物的理化性质
Table 1. Characteristics of swine manure wastewater and inoculums
原料 pH SCOD/(mg·L−1) TS/% VS/% TAN/(mg·L−1) FAN/(mg·L−1) 猪粪废水 7.71 7.64×103 2.17 1.49 1.51×103 28.12 接种物 7.45 1.03×103 2.86 1.69 1.39×103 14.13 表 2 实验设计
Table 2. Design of Experiments
TAN浓度/(mg·L−1) 氯化铵/(g·L−1) 尿素/(g·L−1) 500 1.34 0.75 1 000 2.67 1.50 1 500 4.01 2.25 2 000 5.34 3.00 2 500 6.68 3.75 表 3 不同氮源对猪粪废水发酵SCOD的影响
Table 3. Effects of different nitrogen sources on SCOD during anaerobic fermentation of swine manure wastewater
mg·L−1 总氨氮 氯化铵组发酵结束后
SCOD浓度尿素组发酵结束后
SCOD浓度500 9.99×103 5.14×103 1 000 7.89×103 6.50×103 1 500 9.32×103 1.54×103 2 000 1.16×103 1.64×103 2 500 1.29×103 1.47×103 -
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