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使用NH3的选择性催化还原 (NH3-SCR) 已被广泛用于去除固定污染源烟气中的氮氧化物[1]。基于VO5-WO3/TiO2的商用SCR催化剂最常被用于NH3-SCR系统。然而,由于安装空间有限,高工作温度 (>300 ℃) 限制了这种催化剂在工业窑炉系统中的使用。因此,低温SCR催化剂已被广泛研究。在这类催化剂中,氧化铈具有高储氧能力 (oxygen storage capacity) ,且Ce4+与Ce3+之间能实现可逆转换[2],因此是一种重要的脱硝催化剂活性组分。近年来,已有多种低温NH3-SCR的氧化铈基催化剂被开发,包括CeO2/TiO2基[3]、CeO2/Al2O3基[4-5]、CeO2-MnO2 [6-7]。这些催化剂均可在中低温 (<300 ℃) 下表现出较高的脱硝活性和N2选择性。
烟气中SO2组分的存在会在短时间内对低温脱硝活性造成不可逆转的毒害作用,使其失活。许多研究者对SO2对Ce/TiO2催化剂在中低温下的中毒机理进行了深入研究。ZHANG等[8]发现CeO2的硫酸化减少了Ce-O-Ti活性位数量,进一步导致催化剂在300 ℃下活性降低;XU等[9]使用DRIFT、SO2-TPD等表征技术对Ce/TiO2在300 ℃下的中毒机理进行研究,发现前12 h内活性下降是由于硫酸铵盐的沉积导致,后36 h是由于Ce(SO4)2和Ce2(SO4)3的生成;DONG等[10]在250 ℃下对V/Sb/TiO2和V/Ce/Sb/TiO2催化剂进行了的抗硫中毒研究,发现Ce2(SO4)3的生成减少了表面硫酸铵盐的沉积,故其抗硫性能得以提升;XU等[11]发现在200 ℃下CeO2-WO3/TiO2催化剂的失活是由于硫酸铵盐和硫酸铈的沉积共同导致。因此,硫酸铵盐和硫酸铈的沉积是铈基催化剂在含硫SCR气氛下失活的主要原因。少量研究者对不同温度下的SO2中毒进行了研究,HUANG等[12]研究了在SO2和H2O共同存在的气氛下,不同反应温度下Mn-Fe/MPS催化剂的失活情况,发现在170 ℃时脱硝活性比190 ℃时下降得更快,但详细的机制还未被揭示。MA等[13]研究了Fe-Cu /CNTs-TiO2催化剂在不同温度下的失活情况,发现在150、200和250 ℃下不同的活性演变可归结为(NH4)2SO4的沉积,并降低了NH3的吸附、NO的吸附和氧化能力。 XU等[14]也在300和350 ℃下进行了SO2气氛下的NH3-SCR实验,结果表明较低的反应温度增强了SO2对脱硝活性的负面影响,但是其机理并未被进一步揭示。
为探究Ce-TiO2催化剂在不同温度下的不同中毒机制和反应机理,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ce-TiO2 (Ce/Ti摩尔比为0.25) ,并在SO2存在的气氛下对催化剂进行不同温度 (180 ℃、240 ℃) 下的抗硫中毒测试,结合不同时间下的中毒活性演变、硫组分定量测试及一系列的表征测试,得出催化剂在不同温度下的不同中毒机制以及反应机理,以期为了解SO2中毒效应与反应温度之间的内在联系,以及Ce-TiO2催化剂在SO2气氛下的失活机理及其活性改善提供参考。
Ce-TiO2催化剂在含SO2气氛下的NH3-SCR中毒机理及其Co3O4改性性能
Study on NH3-SCR poisoning mechanism and Co3O4 modification of Ce-TiO2 catalyst in SO2 atmosphere
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摘要: 通过对Ce-TiO2催化剂在含硫气氛下、不同温度的NH3-SCR活性演变,结合含硫组分的定量分析、原位红外分析,研究了Ce-TiO2催化剂在不同温度的SO2中毒机理。结果表明,在180 ℃下,Ce-TiO2脱硝活性对硫酸铈的生成极为敏感,0.1 mmol·g−1的硫酸铈生成导致脱硝活性从50.7%降至18.5%,随后硫酸铈持续沉积,低温脱硝活性缓慢下降;在240 ℃下,Ce-TiO2脱硝活性对硫酸铈的生成敏感性较低,脱硝活性随时间缓慢下降,0.18 mmol·g−1的硫酸铈生成导致脱硝活性从100%降至53.8%,随后硫酸铈持续生成。Co改性活性结果表明:在180 ℃时,脱硝活性从50.7%提升至94.2%,且180 ℃和240 ℃抗硫性能均有所提升。进一步的表征测试表明:Co的掺杂能提升Ce-TiO2催化剂的氧化还原性能,并抑制SO2在催化剂表面的吸附,提升催化剂的抗硫性能。原位红外测试结果表明:硫酸化后的Ce-Co-TiO2催化剂仍能维持了E-R、L-H脱硝反应路径的进行,保证了一定的低温脱硝活性。本研究探索了SCR催化剂的中毒机制,可为其改性与活性提升提供参考。
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关键词:
- 氨气选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR) /
- 脱硝 /
- 催化剂 /
- 硫酸铈
Abstract: The SO2 poisoning mechanism of the Ce-TiO2 catalyst at different temperatures was investigated by the evolution of NH3-SCR activity under SO2-containing atmosphere, combined with the quantitative analysis of sulfur-containing components and in-situ DRIFTS analysis. The results demonstrated that the denitrification activity of Ce-TiO2 was extremely sensitive to the generation of cerium sulfate at 180 ℃, and the generation of 0.1 mmol·g−1 of cerium sulfate led to the rapid decrease of denitrification activity from 50.7% to 18.5%, followed by the continuous deposition of cerium sulfate and the slow decrease of low-temperature denitrification activity. When the reaction temperature increased to 240 ℃, the denitrification activity of Ce-TiO2 was less sensitive to the generation of cerium sulfate, and the denitrification activity slowly decreased from 100% to 53.8% with the generation of 0.18 mmol·g−1 cerium sulfate. With the doping of Co3O4, the denitrification activity was increased from 50.7% to 94.2% at 180 °C, and the sulfur resistance was improved at both 180 °C and 240 °C. Further characterization tests showed that Co doping could enhance the redox performance of the Ce-TiO2 catalyst and inhibited the adsorption of SO2 on the catalyst surface to enhance the sulfur resistance of the catalyst. The in-situ infrared spectra demonstrated that the sulfated Ce-Co-TiO2 catalyst could still maintain the E-R and L-H denitrification reaction paths and ensure a certain low-temperature denitrification activity. -
表 1 新鲜以及中毒后Ce-TiO2及Ce-Co-TiO2催化剂的结构参数
Table 1. Structural parameters of fresh and poisoned Ce-TiO2 and Ce-Co-TiO2 catalysts
样品名称 Sbet/(m2·g−1) Vt/(cm3·g−1) Fresh Ce-TiO2 120.9 0.24 P-180-Ce-TiO2 109.4 0.20 P-240-Ce-TiO2 95.1 0.18 Fresh Ce-Co-TiO2 98.7 0.22 P-180-Ce-Co-TiO2 91.6 0.20 P-240-Ce-Co-TiO2 90.1 0.20 表 2 新鲜及中毒后Ce-(Co)-TiO2表面原子含量及价态比例
Table 2. Atomic content and valence state ratio of Ce-(Co)-TiO2 on fresh and poisoned surface
样品名称 S元素含量 比例 Ce3+/Ce Co3+/Co Fresh Ce-TiO2 — 25.6% — P-180-Ce-TiO2 3.48% 34.5% — P-240-Ce-TiO2 4.23% 41.9% — Fresh Ce-Co-TiO2 — 29.1% 48.1% P-180-Ce-Co-TiO2 3.02% 32.4% 46.9% P-240-Ce-Co-TiO2 3.48% 34.7% 45.8% -
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