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锰是一种自然界中常见的元素。在化工产业当中,新型锰基正极材料发展前景广阔[1];对生物而言,锰可以参与多种酶的合成[2],但也能引起儿童注意缺陷与多动障碍[3]、影响胎儿的神经发育[4]。地下水锰含量超标已经引起了国内外学者的广泛关注[5];然而大部分水库水均存在季节性铁锰超标现象,对不同pH条件下高铁锰地表水的处理机制仍需进一步的探究[6]。
目前,使用较多的除锰方法有自然氧化除锰[7]、化学氧化除锰[8]、生物除锰[9]以及接触氧化除锰[10]。自然氧化除锰需要大量的药剂和新建构筑物;化学氧化除锰常用二氧化氯或高锰酸钾等氧化二价锰,其投量掌握困难,易产生多种消毒副产物;生物除锰借助自然生长的铁锰细菌,通过扩散、吸附与生物氧化3个阶段除锰,但目前还需要对其机理及培养过程进行进一步的研究。一项将生物与重力驱动膜结合以去除Mn2+的研究表明,其与自催化氧化锰氧化物(MnOx)共同作用可以实现对Mn2+优良的去除率(>94.6%)[11]。
接触氧化除锰利用 “锰质活性滤膜”吸附并催化氧化二价锰,但滤膜自然成熟通常需要长达数月的时间,且会出现锰穿透的现象。为缩短成熟期,许多研究对影响接触氧化法除锰效果的因素进行了系统讨论。在多种环境下使用MnOx对滤料进行涂覆,结果均证明高pH能带来更高的锰去除率[12-13]。有研究通过生化手段处理高锰地下水,成功减少了滤料成熟期[14],并说明pH是控制MnOx生成反应速率的关键。一项对高铁锰氨氮井水的现场研究在启动过程中向滤池投加高锰酸钾,证明化学氧化法可有效缩短滤池启动时间[15]。对于滤料,沸石是一种生产量大、成本低、孔隙率高,被广泛用作水处理中的过滤介质,且因催化与离子交换的潜力受到广泛关注[16]。然而,使用沸石滤料去除地表水中锰的研究仍大多停留在实验室阶段,pH条件对地表水除锰的影响也尚未形成较为全面的理论体系,使用次氯酸钠减少滤料成熟期的工程应用经验也较少。
基于此,本研究使用改性沸石作为滤料,以某水库地表水作为原水,进行静态吸附实验与pH影响实验。为进一步缩短滤柱成熟期,采用次氯酸钠预氧化辅助滤柱启动,对在不同pH条件下启动的改性沸石滤柱滤料表面的形貌和组成进行表征分析,探讨pH对改性沸石滤料的吸附过程及预氧化辅助滤柱启动过程的影响,并在不同pH条件下对次氯酸钠投加量进行优化,以期为预氧化辅助沸石滤柱启动的实际应用提供参考。
pH对预氧化沸石滤柱启动过程中除锰效率的影响
Effect of pH on manganese removal efficiency during the start-up process of pre-oxidation zeolite filter column
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摘要: 针对当前接触氧化除锰法启动期较长的问题,采用改性沸石滤料耦合次氯酸钠预氧化辅助滤柱启动,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散 X 射线光谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)对滤料进行分析,探究了原水pH对滤柱启动中锰去除效率的影响,并对持续运行过程中次氯酸钠的投加量进行了优化,对改性沸石滤料进行静态吸附实验,并在进水pH分别为6.5、7.0、7.5时进行滤柱启动实验。结果表明,改性沸石滤料对Mn2+的吸附符合Langmuir模型与准二级动力学方程,当pH为5.5~8.0时,随pH升高改性沸石滤料对Mn2+的去除率上升。在3种pH条件下,滤柱的锰穿透期分别为5、8 和9 d,并分别在第20、16和14天启动成功;次氯酸钠预氧化启动的3种滤柱次氯酸钠最低投加量分别为0.8、0.3与0.2 mg·L−1。SEM与XRD表征结果证实了水钠锰矿在滤料表面的出现;而EDS与XPS结果分别表明,更高的pH会同时带来滤料表面锰元素含量和锰价态的升高。以上研究结果可为地表水水厂中对除锰有利的pH范围及沸石在启动过程中对锰的吸附作用提供参考。Abstract: In view of the long start-up period of the current contact oxidation manganese removal method, modified zeolite filter media coupled with sodium hypochlorite preoxidation was used to assist the start-up of the filter column. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the filter materials, the effect of raw water pH on the start-up of the filter column was investigated, and the dosage of sodium hypochlorite for continuous operation was optimized. Static adsorption experiments were conducted on modified zeolite filter media, and column start-up experiments were conducted at feed water pH of 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption of Mn2+ by the modified zeolite filter media was in accordance with the Langmuir model and quasi-secondary kinetic equation, and the removal rate of Mn2+ by the modified zeolite filter media increased with increasing pH when the pH was 5.5~8.0. The manganese penetration periods of the filter columns at the three different pHs were 5, 8 and 9 days, respectively, and were successfully activated on day 20th, 16th and 14th; and the minimum doses of sodium hypochlorite were 0.8, 0.3 and 0.2 mg·L−1 for the three filter columns with sodium hypochlorite preoxidation, respectively. SEM and XRD results confirmed the appearance of Birnessite on the surface of the filter media, while the EDS and XPS results showed that higher pH resulted in both higher manganese content and higher average valence on the surface of the filter media, respectively. The results of this study can provide a reference for the pH range favorable for Mn removal in surface water plants and the adsorption of Mn by zeolites during start-up process.
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Key words:
- pH /
- manganese removal /
- modified zeolite filter media /
- pre-oxidation
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表 1 改性沸石滤料吸附 Mn2+的等温吸附方程参数拟合值
Table 1. Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherms of Mn2+ on modified zeolite filter media
Langmuir模型 Freundlich模型 qm/(mg·g−1) KL /(L·mg−1) R2 KF/(mg·g−1) n R2 2.75 0.33 0.993 0.75 0.23 0.961 表 2 改性沸石滤料吸附 Mn2+的吸附动力学参数拟合值
Table 2. Fitting parameters of adsorption kinetics of Mn2+ on modified zeolite filter media
准一级动力学 准二级动力学 qe/(mg·g−1) k1/h−1 R2 qe/(mg·g−1) k2/(g·(mg·min)−1) R2 3.71 0.38 0.954 4.24 0.11 0.983 表 3 在不同pH运行条件下滤料表面元素组成及含量
Table 3. Elemental composition and content of filter material surface under different pH operation conditions
滤料种类 元素含量/% C O Mg Al Si Ca Mn Fe 生料 2.68 40.62 0.77 7.55 42.07 2.89 3.41 0.00 pH=6.5 12.52 30.31 0.46 4.68 32.14 1.40 10.68 7.81 pH=7.0 7.10 27.51 0.10 2.71 25.24 0.55 17.69 19.10 pH=7.5 10.11 27.22 0.32 3.25 20.77 0.64 21.86 15.82 -
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