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多溴联苯(Polybrominated biphenyls,PBBs)是一类联苯化合物在催化剂条件下被溴化的产物,共有209种同系物,HexaBBs是其中的一类。自1970年,PBBs作为添加型阻燃剂,被广泛地应用于电子电器、纺织业、印刷等领域[1-2];因密歇根州发生HexaBBs污染农业事件,造成当地生物及其制品受到严重污染,危害了当地人的健康,随后美国及欧洲国家相继禁止生产PBBs产品[2],但截止2000年,法国仍在生产PBBs[3]。由于PBBs具有强亲脂性和生物蓄积性等特性,2009年,HexaBBs被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》附件A中[4],我国于2014年,在《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约修正案》中也增加了HexaBBs;2016年,HexaBBs被国际癌症组织机构列为可能会对人体产生致癌、致畸、致突变毒性的2A类物质[5]。环境中的PBBs具有远距离传输和持久残留的特性,因此,PBBs能在土壤、鸟类、鱼类、大米等不同环境介质中被检测到[6-8],甚至没有生产过PBBs的澳大利亚,在当地袋獾和污水处理厂的污泥中也发现了PBBs的踪迹[9-10]。
HexaBBs是历史上溴化阻燃剂FireMaster®BP-6和FireMaster®FF-1等的主要添加成分,其中PBB153在总PBBs的添加占比超过53 %[11];且PBB153是国内外环境样品、生物样品以及人体组织中检出最为频繁的PBBs组分[1,12-13]。环境中的HexaBBs能通过渗漏、蒸发、径流和淋滤等多种方式直接释放到环境中[14],并经食物链的传递产生生物放大效应,最终影响人类健康[1,15];研究表明,HexaBBs比其他PBBs毒性更强,长期低剂量暴露会引起动物器官(肝、肾)发生病变[16],饮食是普通人群摄入PBBs的主要方式[8,17-18],因此监测环境介质中HexaBBs的残留水平对评估其产生的健康风险至关重要。
上海市周边工业区的工厂种类多、作业环境复杂,分布着较多的阻燃剂、塑料模具以及电子电器设备等生产厂,主要从事基础零件的组装制造[19-20],其生产过程中产生的危险废弃物可能会通过多种方式进入土壤、水域等环境,并最终向食物链顶端的人类传递。因此本研究对采集于上海市各辖区的80个环境介质(水样、土壤和生物样品)中的HexaBBs进行了定量分析,这对监测环境介质中HexaBBs的污染水平具有重要作用,可以为上海市人群相关健康风险的评估提供基础数据。
上海市工业区附近区域环境中六溴联苯的污染状况及迁移特征
Pollution status and migration characteristics of hexabromobiphenyls in the environment nearby Shanghai industrial areas
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摘要: 为研究上海市部分工业区附近环境介质中六溴联苯(Hexabromobiphenyls,HexaBBs)的污染状况及迁移特征,本文采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对80个环境介质(水样、土壤和生物样品)中的HexaBBs进行定量分析,并初步探讨了HexaBBs在上海市部分工业区附近区域的残留水平、分布和迁移特征。结果表明在采集的水样(n=13)、土壤(n=18)和生物样品(n=49)中HexaBBs的检出率分别为0 %、66.67%和83.67%。水样中未检出HexaBBs,PBB155、PBB153和PBB154在土壤样品中均有检出,检出含量值分别为0.108—0.173 μg·kg−1、0.111—0.159 μg·kg−1和0.138 μg·kg−1;PBB155、PBB154、PBB153、PBB156和PBB159在生物样品中均有检出,检出含量值分别为0.103—0.237 μg·kg−1、0.101—0.238 μg·kg−1、0.103—0.257 μg·kg−1、0.102—0.169 μg·kg−1和0.178 μg·kg−1。本研究首次在上海市部分工业区附近区域的环境介质中检出HexaBBs,虽然结论表明残留水平较低,但由于HexaBBs具有持久残留性和亲脂性,易于在脂肪含量较高的生物体内蓄积,采集点附近的人群可能存在被其暴露的风险。本研究为监测环境介质中HexaBBs的残留水平以及评估HexaBBs对生物体产生的潜在风险提供基础数据。Abstract: In order to study the pollution status and migration characteristics of hexabromobiphenyls (HexaBBs) in environmental medias nearby some industrial areas in Shanghai, the concentrations of HexaBBs were quantitatively analyzed in 80 environmental medias (water, soil and biological sample) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer in this paper, and the residual levels, distribution and migration characteristics of HexaBBs nearby some industrial areas in Shanghai were preliminarily discussed. The results showed that the detection rates of HexaBBs in water samples (n=13), soil samples (n=18) and biological samples (n=49) were 0%, 66.67%, and 83.67%, respectively. HexaBBs were not detected in water samples, PBB155, PBB153 and PBB154 were detected in soil samples, and the detected content values were 0.108—0.173 μg·kg−1, 0.111—0.159 μg·kg−1 and 0.138 μg·kg−1, respectively. PBB155, PBB154, PBB153, PBB156 and PBB159 were detected in biological samples, and the detected content values were 0.103—0.237 μg·kg−1, 0.101—0.238 μg·kg−1, 0.103—0.257 μg·kg−1, 0.102—0.169 μg·kg−1, and 0.178 μg·kg−1, respectively. In this study, HexaBBs were detected in environmental medias collected from nearby some industrial areas in Shanghai for the first time, although the conclusions showed that the residual level was low, it is possible to accumulate in organisms with high fat content, due to the persistent residue and lipophilicity of HexaBBs, the people nearby the collection points may be exposed to them. This study provided basic data for monitoring the residual levels of HexaBBs in environmental medias and assessing the potential risks of HexaBBs to organisms.
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Key words:
- hexabromobiphenyls /
- GC/EI-MS /
- accumulation /
- migration /
- environmental pollution
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表 1 样品采集信息
Table 1. Sample collection information
区域Areas 采集点Sampling sites 样品Samples 备注Note 浦东
新区采集点1 水样(2),土壤(3),相手蟹(2),中华田园螺(2),日本沼虾(1),克氏原螯虾(1),泥鳅(1) 121.683742°E,30.855566°N 采集点2 水样(1),土壤(1),中华田园螺(1),日本沼虾(1),大田螺(1),克氏原螯虾(1),泥鳅(1) 121.593113°E,30.793329°N 采集点3 水样(2),土壤(1),中华田园螺(1),鲫鱼(1),克氏原螯虾(1) 121.587171°E,30.711244°N 奉贤区 采集点4 水样(1),土壤(2),蚯蚓(1),相手蟹(1),中华田园螺(1),日本沼虾(1),食蚊鱼(1),罗氏沼虾(1),黄颡鱼(1) 121.308222°E,30.601526°N 金山区 采集点5 水样(1),土壤(2),蚯蚓(1),中华田园螺(2),克氏原螯虾(1) 121.125178°E,30.559963°N 采集点6 水样(1),土壤(2),蚯蚓(1),中华田园螺(1), 121.125443°E,30.437796°N 松江区 采集点7 水样(1),土壤(1),蚯蚓(1) 120.885551°E,30.632723°N 采集点8 水样(1),土壤(1),蚯蚓(1),中华田园螺(1),日本沼虾(1),鲫鱼(1),食蚊鱼(1) 121.086026°E,30.737964°N 青浦区 采集点9 水样(1),土壤(1),蚯蚓(1),中华田园螺(1),日本沼虾(1),相手蟹(1),克氏原螯虾(1) 120.940684°E,30.843039°N 闵行区 采集点10 水样(1),土壤(2),蚯蚓(1),中华田园螺(1),日本沼虾(1),泥鳅(1) 121.112738°E,30.851784°N 宝山区 采集点11 水样(1),土壤(2),蚯蚓(2),中华田园螺(2),日本沼虾(1),泥鳅(1) 121.352315°E,31.021178°N 注:样品栏括号中的1—3分别为不同采样点采集相同样品的份数.
Note: 1—3 in the brackets of the sample column are the numbers of the same samples collected from different sampling points.表 2 上海市各辖区采集的生物样品中5种HexaBBs的含量(n=3,μg·kg−1)
Table 2. The content of 5 HexaBBs in biological samples collected from various jurisdictions in Shanghai(n=3,μg·kg−1)
化合物
Analytes浦东新区/Pudong 采集点1 采集点2 采集点3 相手
蟹1相手
蟹2中华
田园螺1中华
田园螺2日本沼虾 克氏原螯虾 泥鳅 中华田园螺 日本沼虾 大田螺 克氏原螯虾 泥鳅 中华田园螺 鲫鱼 克氏原螯虾 肝胰腺 肌肉 头部 内脏 肌肉 肝胰腺 肌肉 头部 内脏 肌肉 肝胰腺 肌肉 PBB155 0.117 ND 0.110 0.115 ND 0.133 0.120 ND ND ND 0.125 0.174 ND 0.237 ND 0.171 0.126 ND 0.151 ND 0.112 ND PBB154 ND ND ND ND 0.142 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.238 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PBB153 ND ND 0.105 ND 0.127 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.221 ND ND 0.115 ND 0.150 ND 0.105 0.153 PBB159 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PBB156 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.146 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 表 3 上海市各辖区采集的土壤样品中5种HexaBBs的含量(n=3,μg·kg−1)
Table 3. The contents of 5 HexaBBs in soil samples collected from various jurisdictions in Shanghai(n=3,μg·kg−1)
化合物
Analytes浦东新区
Pudong奉贤区
Fengxian金山区
Jinshan松江区
Songjiang青浦区
Qingpu闵行区
Minhang
宝山区
Baoshan采集点1 采集
点2采集
点3采集点4 采集点5 采集点6 采集
点7采集
点8采集
点9采集点10 采集点11 土壤1 土壤2 土壤3 土壤 土壤 土壤1 土壤2 土壤1 土壤2 土壤1 土壤2 土壤 土壤 土壤 土壤1 土壤2 土壤1 土壤2 PBB155 ND ND 0.116 ND ND 0.113 ND 0.111 0.121 ND 0.108 0.129 ND ND 0.138 ND ND 0.173 PBB154 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.138 ND PBB153 ND ND ND ND 0.111 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.156 0.159 0.143 0.124 ND PBB159 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND PBB156 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 注:ND.,为未检出。ND., not detected;采集点1~11(Sampling site1~11);土壤(Soil). -
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