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重金属具有富集性、高毒性和生物放大性的特点,能够通过吸附、络合等作用在水体底泥中蓄积,目前已经在鱼、贝类等水生生物中超量检出重金属物质[1-2],由此可推断重金属污染已经对水生生态系统及人类健康构成潜在威胁。淡水湖泊是人类生产生活的重要资源之一,沉积物是河床必不可少且充满生态活力的部分,重金属以各种化学形式存在其中[3],但并非永久的存储于底泥中。在浅水湖泊与河口环境中,水环境容易受到自然因素、生物扰动和人类活动的影响,使沉积物发生再悬浮并导致水环境条件改变,进而引起水-沉积物界面污染物再活化,被束缚的重金属可能会因此解吸释放回上覆水域[4],对于大型浅水湖泊,水动力是影响底泥污染物扩散释放的重要因素,水体受到扰动后会促使微量重金属从固相向水体迁移[5-6],使水体与颗粒物间发生物质交换改变。这期间水溶态重金属浓度可瞬间提高,造成次生污染,且转化为更具生物利用性或毒性更强的化学形式[7],并可能在上覆水持续很长时间对水体生物产生急性毒害[8],从而通过食物链严重危害人体健康[9]。
巢湖流域作为我国典型富营养化程度较高的淡水湖泊之一,重金属污染问题也不容忽视。已有学者对巢湖流域不同河流和入湖河口上覆水与沉积物中重金属的浓度与分布做了广泛研究[10-12],巢湖底泥重金属含量处于中等水平,与此同时,巢湖是一个较为开放的水域,上覆水体易受到人为活动的干扰,促使沉积物再悬浮发生,但目前针对巢湖沉积物再悬浮对重金属释放迁移特性的系统研究非常少。巢湖东半湖区与巢湖闸相连,每年汛期,因防洪巢湖闸需要开放,泄洪事件会极大增加东半湖区沉积物再悬浮的发生几率[13],因此本研究选取巢湖东半湖区湖心取水区作为再悬浮模拟实验的研究点,探究沉积物受到扰动后上层水体环境条件的变化,分析水体扰动期间重金属(Zn、Cr、Pb、Hg)的迁移释放去向与迁移转化机制,凸显沉积物再悬浮对水-沉积物界面环境条件与重金属含量变化的影响。旨对巢湖湖泊水环境评估管理与重金属污染修复有更深刻的意义。
巢湖东湖心沉积物重金属的分布及其在外力扰动下的释放特征
Distribution and release characteristics of heavy metals in sediments from the East Chaohu Lake under external disturbance
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摘要: 本研究以巢湖东湖心的表层沉积物为研究对象,分析上覆水和沉积物中重金属的分布特征。借助Y型再悬浮装置,探究不同扰动条件下,上覆水体Zn、Hg、Pb、Cr含量与理化条件的变化及沉积物再悬浮释放规律。结果表明,沉积物中Zn、Hg、Pb、Cr含量均超出了背景值,分别为149.05、0.086、33.18、87.9 mg·kg-1,且Cr、Hg以残渣态为主,而Zn、Pb有效态占比很高,分别为59.86%、62.61%,赋存形态影响再悬浮期间重金属的迁移程度;水体流动使上覆水悬浮颗粒物含量逐层增加,pH发生较大波动,DO随物理扰动的强度、时间增加而上升;水溶态重金属在扰动过程的中段上升幅度明显,但并没有持续增长,而分布于颗粒相上的重金属扰动初期急剧上涨至一个高峰,后续逐渐下降;水体扰动促使颗粒相上的重金属解吸,不同重金属的释放速率不同,Pb的迁移程度最明显,由于再悬浮进入上层水体的沉积物颗粒给上层水体尤其是水-沉积物界面带来了更多重金属污染。Abstract: Surface sediments from the eastern center of the Chaohu Lake were studied for the distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the aqueous environment and sediments. Using a Y-type resuspension device, the changes of Zn, Hg, Pb, Cr contents and physicochemical parameters in the overlying water under different disturbance intensities and durations were explored, with an aim of illustrating the release characteristics of heavy metals during sediment resuspension. Our results show that (1) The contents of Zn, Hg, Pb and Cr in the sediments were 149.05, 0.086, 33.18, 87.9 mg·kg−1, respectively, which all exceeded their background value. Cr and Hg were mainly in the residual form, while 59.86% of Zn and 62.61% of Pb were in the available form. The forms of occurrence affected the migration degrees of heavy metals during sediment resuspension. (2) Under hydrodynamic conditions, the content of suspended particulate matter in overlying water increased layer by layer, pH fluctuated greatly, and DO increased with the increase of intensity and time duration of physical disturbance. (3) The contents of water-soluble heavy metals increased significantly in the middle of the disturbance process, but did not continue to grow, while the heavy metals in the particle phases increased sharply to a peak at the beginning of the disturbance, and then decreased gradually. (4) Water disturbance promotes the desorption of heavy metals in the particle phases, and each heavy metal has distinct release degrees and velocities. Notably, the migration degree of Pb is the most obvious. Due to the resuspension of sediment particles into the upper water body, more heavy metal pollutants were released to the upper water body, especially at the water sediment interface.
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Key words:
- resuspension /
- sediment /
- heavy metal /
- physical disturbance /
- Chaohu lake
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表 1 东湖心上覆水Zn、Cr、Pb、Hg含量
Table 1. Contents of Zn, Cr, Pb and Hg in overlying water of East Chaohu Lake
Zn/(mg·L−1) Cr/(μg·L−1) Pb/(μg·L−1) Hg/(μg·L−1) Ⅲ类标准值 1.0 50 50 0.1 东湖心 0.0193 11.532 3.393 0.144 表 2 东湖心沉积物Zn、Cr、Pb、Hg含量(mg·kg-1)
Table 2. Contents of Zn, Cr, Pb and Hg in sediments of the East Chaohu Lake(mg·kg-1)
Zn Cr Pb Hg 背景值[24] 53.2 69.4 25.9 0.041 东湖心 149.05 87.90 33.18 0.086 -
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