土壤中锰氧化物的形态及其化学提取方法综述
Soil manganese oxides and its extraction methods:A review
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摘要: 土壤中锰元素主要来自于成土母质,风化后的锰主要以锰氧化物形式存在于土壤中。锰氧化物因具有比表面积大、表面电荷低、对金属的亲合力强、氧化还原电位高等特性,对土壤中痕量金属的环境行为存在重要影响。化学提取方法是研究土壤中不同固相组分的重要手段。本文首先从土壤中锰的来源及主要存在形态出发,介绍了不同价态锰(+2、+3、+4)在土壤中转化的影响因素;其次对土壤中不同锰氧化物的类型进行梳理,并就其表面特性、对金属阳离子的吸附特性、对金属/类金属的氧化还原特性进行了介绍;最后重点总结了土壤中不同价态锰单一提取方法和不同形态的连续提取方法,以及锰氧化物提取方法的应用,为土壤中锰氧化物的进一步研究提供参考。Abstract: Manganese (Mn) in soil mainly comes from parent minerals and weathered Mn mainly exists in soil in forms of Mn oxides. Manganese oxides have large specific surface area, low surface charge, strong affinity for metals, and high redox potential, hence they have important effects on environmental behavior of trace metals in soil. Chemical extraction is an important method to study the solid-phase components in soil. At first, this review introduced the source and existence of Mn oxides with different valences (+2, +3, +4) in soil, and the factors affecting the transformation of Mn; secondly, we summarized different types of Mn oxides in soil and their surface characteristics, adsorption abilities, redox properties; finally, the single extraction and the sequential extraction method of different forms of Mn in soil are summarized, as well as the application of the extraction method. This review provides a reference for the further study of Mn oxides in the soil.
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Key words:
- soil /
- manganese oxide /
- properties /
- single extraction /
- sequential extraction
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结构类型
Structure Type矿物名称
Mineral Name分子式
Molecular Formula参考文献
ReferencesMn4+隧道结构 软锰矿(Pyrolusite) MnO2 [27] 斜方锰矿(Ramsdellite) MnO2 [31] 六方锰矿(Nsutite) Mn(O,OH)2 [32] 锰钡矿(Hollandite) Bax(Mn4+,Mn3+)8O16 [33] 锰钾矿(Cryptomelane) Kx(Mn4+,Mn3+)8O16 [33] 锰钠矿(Manjiroite) Nax(Mn4+,Mn3+)8O16 [34] 铅硬锰矿(Coronadite) Pbx(Mn4+,Mn3+)8O16 [46] 钡硬锰矿(Romanechite) Ba0.66(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10·1.34H2O [35] 钙锰矿(Todorokite) (Ca,Na,K)x(Mn4+,Mn3+)6O12·3.5H2O [36-37] Mn4+层状结构 锂硬锰矿(Lithiophorite) LiAl2(Mn24+,Mn3+)O6(OH)6 [29, 38] 黑锌锰矿(Chalcophanite) ZnMn3O7·3H2O [39] 水钠锰矿(Birnessite) (Na,Ca)Mn7O14·2.8H2O [28-29] 水羟锰矿(Vernadite) MnO2·nH2O [40] 低价锰氧化物 水锰矿(Manganite) MnOOH [36] 锰榍石(Groutite) MnOOH [41] 六方水锰矿(Feitknechtite) MnOOH [42] 黑锰矿(Hausmannite) Mn2+Mn23+O4 [43] 方铁锰矿(Bixbyite) Mn2O3 [44] 片水锰矿(Pyrochroite) Mn(OH)2 [42] 方锰矿(Manganosite) MnO [45] 注:加粗的为土壤中常见锰氧化物类型.
Note: The bold font is the most common types of manganese oxides in soil.表 2 典型锰氧化物对金属的吸附顺序
Table 2. Adsorption order of several typical manganese oxides to metals
矿物名称 Mineral Name 顺序 Sequence 参考文献 References 水合锰氧化物(HMO) Pb2+>Cu2+>Zn2+ [54] 水合锰氧化物(HMO) Mn2+>Co2+>Cu2+>Zn2+>Ni2+>Cd2+ [49] 水钠锰矿(Birnessite) Pb2+>Cu2+≧Co2+>Mn2+>Zn2+>Ni2+ [52] 水钠锰矿(Birnessite) Pb2+>Cu2+>Zn2+>Co2+>Cd2+ [55] 水钠锰矿(Birnessite) Pb2+>Cu2+>Zn2+>Cd2+ [56] 水钠锰矿(Birnessite) Pb2+ > Cu2+ ≈ Co2+ > Cd2+ > Mn2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+ [57] 锰钾矿(Cryptomelane) Pb2+>Cu2+ ≈ Cd2+>Zn2+>Co2+ [55] 黑锰矿(Hausmannite) Cu2+>Pb2+>Co2+ ≈ Zn2+>Cd2+ [55] 钡镁锰矿(Todorokite) Pb2+>Cu2+>Co2+>Cd2+>Zn2+ [55] 表 3 土壤锰单一提取方法
Table 3. Single extraction method of soil manganese
提取对象
Target提取剂
Extractant参考文献
ReferencesMn2+ 焦磷酸盐(pH 9.4) [84] 含0.2%对苯二酚CH3COONH4(pH 7.0)、含有0.4%亚硫酸盐的CH3COONH4(pH 7.0) [88] 中性盐,如:Ca(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2、Zn(NO3)2、CH3COONH4 [15,81-84] CH3COONH4(pH 7.0)、含0.2%对苯二酚的CH3COONH4 (pH 7.0) [87] 0.05 mol·L−1 EDTA (pH 7.0) [103] 1 mol·L−1 NH4Cl、1 mol·L−1 CH3COONH4、2.5% CH3COOH、0.05 mol·L−1 EDTA (pH 7.0) [85] DTPA [86] Mn3+ 焦磷酸盐(pH 7.0) [18, 84, 91] 含0.2%对苯二酚的Ca(NO3)2 [82] 锰氧化物(Mn4+) 0.1 mol·L−1 NH2OH·HCl—0.01 mol·L−1 HNO3 (pH 2.0,土液比1∶50,振荡30 min) [19, 99, 104] 0.1 mol·L−1 NH2OH·HCl—0.01 mol·L−1 HNO3(pH 1.5) [100] (1)用0.01 mol·L−1 NH2OH·HCl(pH 5.0)还原锰氧化物16 h(土液比1∶40);
(2)加入0.02 mol·L−1 HCl配制的0.5 mol·L−1 NH4Cl再振荡10 min(土液比1∶40);
(3)用超纯水洗涤残渣(土液比1∶20)。[101] 0.6 mol·L−1 NH2OH·HCl—25%CH3COOH(土液比1∶20,6 h,沸水) [102] (NH4)2C2O4—H2C2O4 [21] 表 4 土壤锰连续提取方法
Table 4. Sequential extraction methods of soil manganese
形态
Speciation提取剂
Extractant参考文献
References1 可交换态 1 mol·L−1 Mg(NO3)2(pH 7.0) [106-107] 2 有机结合态 0.7 mol·L−1 NaOCl(pH 8.5) 3 锰氧化物 0.1 mol·L−1 NH2OH·HCl(pH 2.0) 4 无定型铁氧化物结合态 0.2 mol·L−1 (NH4)2C2O4·H2O—0.2 mol·L−1 H2C2O4(pH 3.0) 5 晶型铁氧化物结合态 DCB:0.3 mol·L−1 Na3C6H5O7·2H2O—0.1 mol·L−1 NaHCO3—1 g Na2S2O4 6 残渣态 HF 1 易溶态 0.05 mol·L−1 Ca(NO3)2 [111] 2 弱吸附态 0.025 mol·L−1 CaDTPA—0.025 mol·L−1 Na2B4O7 (pH 8.5) 3a 碳酸盐结合态(石灰质土) 1.6 mol·L−1 HNO3 3b 特异性吸附态(非石灰质土) 0.05 mol·L−1 Cu(NO3)2—0.05 mol·L−1 Ca(NO3)2 4 锰氧化物 0.1 mol·L−1 NH2OH·HCl—0.01 mol·L−1 HNO3 -
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