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羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)是一类与母体多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)结构类似的化合物,由于其具有较强的内分泌干扰效应,因而受到了广泛的关注[1-3]. 研究表明,OH-PBDEs能够通过酶或者金属氧化物介导的氧化耦合反应发生转化[4-7]. 其中,由于酶介导氧化耦合反应能够生成土壤有机质等,因此在自然腐殖化过程中扮演者重要的角色[6, 8]. 在众多氧化酶中,漆酶是一组结合了多个铜原子的内源性多酚氧化酶,由多种真菌以及高等植物以胞外分泌物的形式产出,广泛存在于自然界中,因此漆酶介导的氧化耦合反应过程对有机污染物在环境中的迁移、转化过程起着重要的作用[6, 9].
漆酶作为氧化还原酶,可以直接氧化酚类污染物. 但是由于自身氧化还原电位较低(通常在0.5—0.8 V),导致其对于氧化还原电位高的物质氧化效果不够理想[10]. 例如,仅仅依靠反应体系中单一的漆酶无法完成木质素、多环芳烃等大分子的转化过程[11]. 研究发现一些小分子化合物可以充当介体,使得漆酶在介体的辅助作用下,通过介导电子的转移过程,生成具有较高氧化还原电位的活性物种,进而实现对其他非酚类物质的高效催化氧化[11-12]. 目前,常用的介体主要是人工合成介体,如2, 2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)、1-羟基苯并三唑(HBT)、紫尿酸(VIO)、N-羟基-N-乙酰基-苯胺(NHA)等,其中ABTS是目前应用最广泛的介体[13-14]. 而漆酶与这些介体构成的系统成为漆酶-介体系统(laccase-mediator-system, LMS ),能够实现高效、快速的降解高氧化还原电位或不能进入漆酶活性中心的底物分子[11].
尽管对漆酶催化转化酚类化合物的动力学过程已经有了较好认识,但是这些认识主要集中在单一酶催化体系[9, 15]. 例如,已有研究报道了四溴双酚A、三氯生、对氨基苯酚、雌激素等微污染物在单一漆酶作用体系下的转化动力学过程[9, 15-17]. 然而,在实际环境中,无论是人工合成的介体还是天然的介体都将与漆酶形成LMS[11]. 此外,其他共存物质,如天然有机质,也将不可避免参与这些污染物的转化过程[18-19]. 因此,探究污染物在LMS中的动力学过程对认识其在真实自然环境下的转化过程十分重要. 然而,目前关于这一方面的仍然较为缺乏.
本研究选取3-OH-BDE-7为典型的OH-PBDEs,系统探究了3-OH-BDE-7在基于ABTS的LMS中的转化动力学过程,考察了ABTS投加量、漆酶投加量、pH值和温度对LMS介导3-OH-BDE-7转化过程的影响. 此外,还探究了天然有机质(natural organic matter, NOM)对LMS介导3-OH-BDE-7转化动力学过程的影响,并揭示了NOM抑制LMS转化3-OH-BDE-7的内在机制. 研究结果不仅对认识羟基化多溴联苯醚在自然环境中的转化过程具有重要意义,而且为合理设计基于LMS的废水处理工艺具有重要参考价值.
漆酶/ABTS介体系统催化氧化羟基化多溴联苯醚
Transformation of hydroxylation polybrominateddiphenyl ethers in laccase-ABTS system
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摘要: 本研究选取3-OH-BDE-7为典型的羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs),系统探究了3-OH-BDE-7在基于二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)的漆酶介体系统中的转化动力学过程,考察了ABTS投加量、漆酶投加量、pH值和温度以及天然有机质对酶介体系统介导3-OH-BDE-7转化过程的影响。结果表明,3-OH-BDE-7在单一漆酶体系下去除率较低,加入2.0 μmol·L−1ABTS后,3-OH-BDE-7去除率提高了约20倍。3-OH-BDE-7在漆酶介体系统的转化过程符合假一级动力学过程,其假一级动力学常数分别与ABTS投加量和漆酶投加量呈正相关。漆酶介体系统催化氧化3-OH-BDE-7的适宜pH值范围为3—8,适宜的温度范围为25—35 ℃。此外,天然有机质能够抑制3-OH-BDE-7在漆酶介体系统中的转化过程,主要原因归结于天然有机质能够与底物有机自由基发生反应,使得底物有机自由基重新回到初始状态。本研究不仅对认识羟基化多溴联苯醚在自然环境中的转化过程具有重要意义,而且为合理设计基于漆酶介体系统的废水处理工艺具有重要参考价值。Abstract: In this study, the transformation kinetics of 3-OH-BDE-7, a typical kind of hydroxylation polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), in laccase-mediator-system (LMS) based on 2,2'-azino-bis [3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt (ABTS) was systematically investigated. The influence of ABTS dosage, laccase dosage, solution pH, temperature and natural organism matter (NOM) on the transformation of 3-OH-BDE-7 was studied. The results showed the removal of 3-OH-BDE-7 in the system containing only laccase was very low, while with the presence of ABTS, the removal of 3-OH-BDE-7 increased about 20 times. Moreover, the removal of 3-OH-BDE-7 followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the first-order rate constant was proportional to the dosage of ABTS and laccase, respectively. The optimal pH was between 3 and 8, and the optimal temperature was between 25 ℃ and 35 ℃.In addition, the presence of natural organic matter significantly inhibited the removal of 3-OH-BDE-7. This was mainly because NOM acted as the quenching agent of the radical intermediates and converted the intermediates back to their original forms. Taken together, this study is not only of key importance in understanding the significance of LMS catalyzed oxidation in the conversion of phenolic compounds in natural environment, but also of great value in the design of treatment processes based on LMS.
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Key words:
- OH-PBDEs /
- laccase /
- mediator /
- kinetics /
- environmental factors
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图 1 (A)3-OH-BDE-7在不同浓度漆酶(无ABTS)下的去除率;(B)3-OH-BDE-7在不同反应条件下(只有ABTS、只有漆酶和漆酶+ABTS)的去除率;(C)漆酶在有无ABTS介体条件下催化氧化3-OH-BDE-7的假一级动力学拟合曲线实验条件:[Laccase]0=0.1 U·mL−1、[ABTS]=2.0 μmol·L−1
Figure 1. (A)The removal of 3-OH-BDE-7 mediated by Laccase with different dosage; (B)3-OH-BDE-7 removal efficiencies at various reaction conditions (only ABTS, only Laccase and Laccase-ABTS); (C)Pseudo first-order rate plots for 3-OH-BDE-7 removal mediated by Laccase with and without the presence of ABTS Experimental condition: [Laccase]0=0.1 U·mL−1, [ABTS]=2.0 μmol·L−1
图 3 (A)ABTS投加浓度对LMS系统催化氧化3-OH-BDE-7的影响。(B)LMS在不同ABTS投加量条件下催化氧化3-OH-BDE-7的假一级动力学拟合曲线。(C)假一级动力学常数与ABTS投加量之间的关系
Figure 3. (A)Influence of ABTS dosage on the removal of 3-OH-BDE-7. (B)Pseudo first-order rate plots for 3-OH-BDE-7 removal at different ABTS dosages. (C)Relationship between pseudo first-order rate constants and ABTS dosage
图 5 (A)溶液pH对LMS系统催化氧化3-OH-BDE-7的影响, (B)溶液pH对漆酶活性的影响,(C)温度对LMS系统催化氧化3-OH-BDE-7的影响, (D)温度对漆酶活性的影响
Figure 5. (A)Influence of solution pH on the removal of 3-OH-BDE-7, (B)Influence of solution pH on the activity of Laccase ,(C)Influence of temperature on the removal of 3-OH-BDE-7, (D)Influence of temperature on the activity of Laccase
图 6 (A)不同浓度NOM对LMS催化氧化3-OH-BDE-7的影响; (B)LMS在不同NOM投加量条件下催化氧化3-OH-BDE-7的假一级动力学拟合曲线; (C)NOM对漆酶活性的影响; (D)不同浓度NOM分别LMS下随时间的吸光度变化; (E)NOM的吸附作用对3-OH-BDE-7去除率的影响; (F)假一级动力学常数与NOM投加量之间的关系
Figure 6. (A)Influence of NOM dosage on the removal of 3-OH-BDE-7;(B)Pseudo first-order rate plots for 3-OH-BDE-7 removal at different NOM dosages; (C)Influence of NOM on the activity of laccase;(D)Time based UV absorbance of NOM treated by LMS;(E)The effect of NOM adsorption on the removal of 3-OH-BDE-7 mediated by LMS;(F)Relationship between pseudo first-order rate constants and NOM dosage
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