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城镇污水厂排水中总氮排放量超过地表水体自净容量,容易诱发水体富营养化及其相关水环境问题[1-2]。在低碳氮比(C/N)或低电子供体条件下降低排水总氮负荷是世界性难题,碳源添加是提高生物脱氮效率的方式之一[3]。但传统碳源的额外添加存在成本高、投加量难控制等诸多问题[4-5],且增加了碳源生产过程中的能量消耗。利用外界废弃植物作为固体碳源不仅可以为脱氮提供碳源,还可成为良好的生物膜载体,同时也利用了废弃碳源,助力我国“双碳”目标的实现[6]。赵文莉[7]将体积为1 cm3的玉米芯采用1.5% NaOH浸泡18 h后作为碳源,实验用水中NO3−-N质量浓度为40 mg·L−1,41 d后NO3−-N去除率为91.37%,但玉米芯容易悬浮造成碳源与生物和液体分层使得物质传递不均匀,降低了脱氮速率。凌宇等[8]将直径5~10 mm的玉米芯采用1% NaOH浸泡24 h后作为反硝化碳源,控制配水NO3−-N质量浓度为15 mg·L−1,11 d后NO3−-N去除率为94.6%,但随着微生物生长繁殖,玉米芯颗粒在分解过程中黏度会逐渐变大,相互粘连易将滤池堵塞。为解决单一植物在做碳源时所存在的问题,XIONG等[9]和YANG[10]等使用植物复合人工合成可降解聚合物制备的碳源反硝化效果明显优于单一植物。王润众等[11]将PVA与淀粉混合,当淀粉含量为58.2%时,将其用于NO3−-N质量浓度35 mg·L−1的实验配水脱氮,NO3−-N去除率几乎达到100%。闫续[12]等将淀粉和PVA共混,并于硼酸溶液中浸泡交联,制备了淀粉含量为43%的缓释碳源,反硝化脱氮15 d后,随着碳源的释放殆尽,脱氮效果开始下降。因此,需对植物预处理方法、植物复合人工合成可降解聚合物方式、复合碳源的释碳速率进行研究。
微生物在进行电子传递时,一部分电子供体直接被微生物利用传递给电子受体,一部分电子供体需通过电子传递中间体的转移被微生物利用后,再传递给电子受体[13],往往电子传递中间体的缺失也是导致脱氮效率低的原因之一。海绵铁中以Fe0为主,腐蚀产生H2为氢自养反硝化菌提供了电子供体,而且生成的Fe2+、Fe3+充当部分电子供体与微生物之间的电子转移中间体[14],形成
$ \text{碳源}\text{(}\text{电子供体}{\text{e}}^{-}\text{)}\stackrel{\text{生物作用}}{\to }\text{(}{\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}}\text{、}{\text{Fe}}^{\text{3+}}{array}{c}{\text{+}\text{e}}^{-}\\ \text{↔}\\ {-\text{e}}^{-}{array}{\text{Fe}}^{\text{0}}\text{、}{\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}}\text{)}\text{电子转移中间体}\stackrel{\text{生物作用}}{\to }{{\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}}^{-}\text{+}{\text{e}}^{{-}}\stackrel{\text{生物作用}}{\to }{\text{N}}_{\text{2}} $ 的电子传递过程。李斌等[15]在研究玉米芯与海绵铁复合填料的反硝化脱氮特性时,控制配水的NO3−-N质量浓度为20 mg·L−1,将玉米芯与海绵铁分层填入生物滤柱中,海绵铁的缓慢腐蚀也在不断产生氢气,供氢自养反硝化菌生长,去除率可达90%以上,但玉米芯与海绵铁分层会影响生物种群分布与电子传递效率,导致脱氮效率与效果受到影响。也有研究表明,Fe3+对生物脱氮系统中功能菌的酶活性、群落结构及脱氮性能具有显著影响[16]。本研究分别使用机械粉碎(JX)、机械粉碎+碱处理(JJ)、机械粉碎+生物处理(JS)对玉米芯进行预处理后作为填料核心基材,采用1%的NaOH碱处理12 h,以提高预处理效率。使用人工合成可降解聚合物将处理后的玉米芯与海绵铁粘结成直径为(15±0.2) mm的球型填料,以增加质量与接触面积,解决填料悬浮造成碳源与生物、液体分层物质传递不均匀和堵塞问题。将海绵铁掺杂入玉米芯释碳填料内部,从而提高复合释碳填料释放电子释放与传递能力,生成的Fe2+、Fe3+充当碳源-微生物-硝酸盐之间的电子转移中间体,进而可提高微生物对玉米芯释放出来碳源的利用速率与效率。海绵铁作为释碳物质与反硝化微生物菌剂之间的架桥,其可提高释碳填料附着脱氮菌群的活性及生物群落结构,可大幅度提高脱氮速率。本研究考察了3种填料碳源与二次污染物TN释放情况、填料中溶解性荧光有机物释放组分及静态反硝化特性,以期为高效和稳定利用玉米芯作为反硝化碳源提供参考。
复合释碳填料的制备及其反硝化性能
Preparation of composite carbon release filler and its denitrification properties
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摘要: 为探究长期反硝化过程中复合释碳填料释碳能力及脱氮效能的提高途径,采用机械粉碎(JX)、机械粉碎+碱处理(JJ)、机械粉碎+生物处理(JS)3种方法对玉米芯进行预处理后作为填料核心基材,掺杂海绵铁提高复合释碳填料释放电子供体能力,生成的Fe2+、Fe3+充当碳源-微生物-硝酸盐之间的电子转移中间体,聚乙烯醇作为粘结剂将其与海绵铁粘结,制备了JX、JJ和JS 3种生物膜载体复合释碳填料。研究3种填料的释碳性能及静态反硝化特性。结果表明: 3种填料在60 d内的静态释碳过程可分3个阶段,释碳累积量为JJ填料(116.139 mg·g−1)>JX填料(93.200 mg·g−1)>JS填料(78.079 mg·g−1),二次污染物TN释放量接近于0 mg·(g·d)−1;采用准二级动力学拟合释碳过程,JJ填料的Cm、t1/2值最大,具有较好的释碳能力和稳定的释放速率,Ritger-Peppas方程拟合结果为3种填料N<0.45,释放机制均为扩散; 3种填料释放出的可溶荧光性有机物均为酪氨酸/色氨酸、酪氨酸/色氨酸蛋白类物质,易被生物降解,机械粉碎+碱处理后的玉米芯结构使碳源的释放更加多而稳定,且适合微生物附着生长; 3种填料静态反硝化稳定期,对TN的去除率均能达到90%以上,JJ填料组对TN的去除率最高达97.3%,JX、JJ、JS填料在10~45 d反硝化过程中COD平均值分别为15.412、29.690、19.877 mg·L−1,JJ填料组对COD理论利用率稳定在90.34%。研究结果表明,玉米芯经机械粉碎+1% NaOH碱处理与海绵铁、聚乙烯醇复合后,更适合作为长期反硝化复合释碳填料。Abstract: In order to explore the ways to improve the carbon-releasing and denitrifying performance of composite carbon-releasing fillers during the long-term denitrification process, three methods of mechanical pulverization (JX), mechanical pulverization+alkali treatment (JJ), and mechanical pulverization+biological treatment (JS) were used to treat corncob. After pretreatment, it was used as the core substrate of the filler, and sponge iron was added to improve the electron donors release ability of the composite carbon-releasing filler. The generated Fe2+ and Fe3+ acted as electron transfer intermediates between carbon source, microorganisms and nitrate, and polyvinyl alcohol was used as binder for the adhension of the core substrate and sponge iron. Three kinds of biofilm carrier composite decarburization fillers, JX , JJ and JS filler, were prepared. Their release performance and static denitrification characteristics were studied. The results showed that the 60 d static carbon release process of the three fillers was divided into three stages, and the accumulation amount of carbon release was JJ filler (116.139 mg·L−1) > JX filler (93.200 mg·L−1) > JS filler (78.079 mg·L−1), and the secondary pollutant TN release was close to 0. Pseudo-second-order kinetics were used to fit the carbon release process. JJ filler had the largest Cm and t1/2 values, and better carbon release ability and stable release rate. The fitting result of Ritger-Peppas equation was following: N values of 3 kinds of fillers were lower than 0.45, and their release mechanisms were diffusion. The soluble fluorescent organic matter released from the three fillers were tyrosine/tryptophan amino acid and tyrosine/tryptophan protein, which were easily biodegradable, and the structure of corncob after mechanical crushing+alkali treatment made carbon source release more abundant and stable, which was suitable for microbial attachment and growth. In the static denitrification process of the three fillers, TN removal rate was higher than 90% during the stabilization period, and the highest TN removal rate of 97.3% was achieved by the JJ filler group. The average COD concentrations of JX, JJ and JS fillers in the 10-45 d denitrification experiments were 15.412, 29.690 and 19.877 mg·L−1, respectively. The theoretical utilization rate of COD in JJ filler group was stable at 90.34%. In conclusion, the results showed that corncob was suitable for long-term denitrification composite carbon release filler after mechanical crushing+1% NaOH alkali treatment and compounding with sponge iron and polyvinyl alcohol.
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Key words:
- denitrification /
- composite carbon release filler /
- corncob /
- denitrification efficiency /
- kinetics
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表 1 荧光光谱区域及对应物质类型
Table 1. Fluorescence spectral region and the corresponding substance type
荧光区域 Ex/nm Em/nm 物质类型 Ⅰ 200~250 250~400 酪氨酸/色氨酸 Ⅱ 250~300 250~400 酪氨酸/色氨酸蛋白 Ⅲ 300~400 250~400 多糖 Ⅳ 300~400 400~550 聚羧酸类腐植酸 Ⅴ 250~300 400~550 多环芳烃类腐植酸 Ⅵ 200~250 400~550 富里酸 表 2 3种填料释碳动力学拟合结果
Table 2. Fitting results of carbon release kinetics of three fillers
填料类型 准二级动力学方程 Ritger-peppas方程 拟合方程 R2 Cm K t1/2 拟合方程 R2 N JX填料 t/Ct=0.001 91t+0.0160 4 0.995 523.56 62.34 8.40 Ct=151.798t0.279 0.996 0.279 JJ填料 t/Ct=0.001 50t+0.0141 8 0.998 666.67 70.52 9.45 Ct=165.619t0.316 0.975 0.316 JS填料 t/Ct=0.002 44t+0.0076 8 0.999 409.84 130.21 3.15 Ct=213.452t0.155 0.940 0.155 表 3 3种填料13~15 d、28~30 d浸出液的荧光区域积分标准体积
Table 3. Fluorescence region integral standard volume of leachate from 13 to 15 days and 28 to 30 days for three fillers
填料类型 13~15 d 28~30 d 区域Ⅰ积分标准
体积/(au·nm2)区域Ⅱ积分标准
体积/(au·nm2)区域Ⅰ积分标准
体积/(au·nm2)区域Ⅱ积分标准
体积/(au·nm2)JX填料 2.293 2×107 1.900 1×107 1.216 5×107 7.980 2×106 JJ填料 3.127 1×107 3.138 3×107 2.387 3×107 2.047 1×107 JS填料 2.842 6×107 2.719 7×107 8.243 4×106 5.613 2×106 -
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