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随着现代化工农业的发展,水体汞污染问题层出不穷,对生态环境和人类健康构成了威胁[1]。汞是一种具有高毒性、持久性和生物累积性的金属元素[2],由于工业生产和人为活动被排放到环境中,被生物有机体或组织吸收,经由食物链的转移和生物放大效应富集于体内,促使动物体中汞的浓度明显高于其生存环境。人体内积累大量的汞可导致胚胎死亡、细胞病变,甚至机体死亡[3]。因此,高效去除废水中的汞可以保护水资源及人类健康。目前,废水中去除汞离子的典型方法有化学沉淀法[4]、离子交换法[5]、电解法[6]、还原法[7]、溶剂萃取法[8]、吸附法[9]和微生物处理法[10]。其中吸附法作为一种处理重金属污染的高效方法,具有应用范围广,操作简单[11],可重复再生使用等优点。所以,开发新型吸附剂去除并回收废水中的汞具有重要的现实意义。
壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)是一种天然的碱性多糖生物聚合物,主要存在于虾蟹等动物的甲壳中,由壳质中的几丁质脱乙酰制成,在自然界中来源广泛,是一种良好的生物吸附剂[12]。CS分子中含有大量的氨基和羟基等配位基团,对很多重金属离子有良好的吸附作用,可用于化学改性。同时,由于其具有良好的生物相容、无毒害、可降解性、成本低、可持续性生产等特点,这使得CS在众多高分子材料中脱颖而出[13]。然而,CS在酸性介质中易溶解,具有稳定性差且选择性不强等缺点,极大地限制了其在处理废水中重金属方面的应用[14]。WANG[15]等通过戊二醛交联结合交替冻融制得壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇水凝胶,因静电吸引而仅仅获得了200.20 mg·g−1的吸附容量。
根据软硬酸碱理论,作为软碱的巯基(R-SH)可结合软酸Hg(Ⅱ),故很多研究利用巯基改性CS材料以提高其对Hg(Ⅱ)的去除性能和选择性[12,16]。GAVILAN[16]等以硫代氨基甲酰基衍生物改性壳聚糖,硫基的接枝扩展了材料应用的pH范围,在pH为2时,吸附能力高达450 mg·g−1,说明巯基的改性可以克服原始CS材料的缺点。为了克服这些问题,仅仅对CS分子链上丰富的氨基、羟基位点进行巯基改性是不够充分的,进行适当地交联以同时提高耐酸性和机械性能是另一种行之有效的途径。
在众多的含巯基改性剂中,巯基丙酸(3-Mercaptopropionic acid,MPA)具有低廉低毒、溶解性良好的特点。1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺(1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride,EDC)分子呈线性结构,作为活化剂已被广泛应用于多肽缩合反应,可将大量巯基接枝于CS上。故本研究基于氨基和羧基的酰胺化反应生成酰胺基,将MPA嫁接于CS上,并利用EDC交联,可增强CS的憎水性和氧阻隔能力[17],从而提高了吸附剂的耐酸性;大量的巯基负载于CS中,可提供丰富的活性位点,从而提高对Hg(Ⅱ)优异的吸附性能和选择性。而目前未有利用MPA进行巯基改性外加EDC交联的CS复合材料的报道。本研究首先使用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、比表面积分析(BET)等方法表征了CS-MPA复合材料的表面形貌、化学官能团及结构组成特征;探讨了改性剂投加量、吸附时间、初始质量浓度等对吸附Hg(Ⅱ)效果的影响,并采用吸附动力学、等温线模型探明了其吸附特性;探究了pH和竞争离子对吸附性能的影响,考察了吸附剂的再生性能;最后揭示了改性壳聚糖材料与Hg(Ⅱ)的作用机理。
巯基改性壳聚糖复合材料的制备及其用于高容量去除水中Hg(Ⅱ)
A facile synthesis of thiol-modified chitosan composite for high-capacity capture of mercury from aqueous solution
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摘要: 摘 要 壳聚糖(CS)因其无毒害、可降解性、成本低等特点而在众多高分子材料中脱颖而出,但稳定性和选择性较差,从而限制了其在重金属吸附中的应用。以巯基丙酸 (MPA) 为改性剂,以1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺(EDC) 为活化剂,制备了CS-MPA复合材料,使用单一变量法优化制备条件。结果表明,最优制备参数为:改性时间6 h,温度20 ℃,pH=6,m(CS:MPA:EDC)为1∶0.8∶1,制备得到的 CS-MPA在酸性条件下对Hg(II)依旧保持较高去除效率。在复合材料表面引入巯基后出现了多层堆叠的不规则形态,比表面积增大。CS-MPA对Hg(II)的吸附在 360 min 内可达到平衡,以单层吸热的化学反应为主,25 ℃时理论最大吸附容量推测为 833.3 mg·g−1。吸附机理主要是材料上的软碱(—SH和—NH2)与软酸 Hg(II)之间发生的螯合反应,其次为酰胺基的结合作用。CS-MPA对 Hg(II)有较高的吸附选择性;且经过5次的吸附-解吸循环后,去除率仍保持在较高水平。以上研究结果表明 CS-MPA对Hg(II)的去除效果较好,可为废水中Hg(II)的去除与回收提供参考。Abstract: Abstract Chitosan (CS) possesses prominent merits such as non-toxic, degradability, and low cost, which stands out from numerous materials, but its application in heavy metal adsorption was restricted by the poor stability and selectivity. In the study, a novel composite (thiol-modified chitosan, CS-MPA) was prepared with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as a modifier and 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) as an activator. The suitable preparation parameters were optimized by a single variable method. The results showed that the optimized preparation parameters were as follows: modifying time of 6h, 20 ℃, pH 6 and m(CS:MPA:EDC) of 1:0.8:1. The as-prepared material maintained high removal efficiency even at acidic pHs. After the grafting of sulfhydryl was introduced on the surface of the composite, the stacked irregular multilayer and the increased specific surface area occurred. The mercury adsorption onto the composite reached the equilibrium within 360 min, which was dominated by the endothermic monolayer chemical reaction; the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity was estimated as 833.3 mg·g−1 at 25 ℃. The adsorption mechanism was dominated by the chelation between the soft base groups(—SH and —NH2) and the soft acid of Hg(II), with an auxiliary function of acylamino binding. The CS-MPA possessed an outstanding selectivity to Hg(II) in the complex matrix. It maintained the good removal rates even after five adsorption-desorption cycles. The result proved the CS-MPA composite had a good Hg(II) removal performance and application potential, which can provide a reference for Hg(II) capture and recycling in the wastewater.
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Key words:
- modified chitosan material /
- mercaptopropionic acid /
- mercury /
- adsorption
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表 1 不同吸附材料对Hg(Ⅱ)吸附容量的比较
Table 1. Comparison of the adsorption capacity of Hg(Ⅱ) by different adsorption materials
表 2 CS-MPA在混合组分溶液中的选择性吸附能力
Table 2. Selective adsorption ability of CS-MPA in a mixed components solution.
金属离子 C0/(mg·L−1) Ce/(mg·L−1) Qe/(mg·g−1) R/% Kd/(mL·g−1) KHg/M Hg(Ⅱ) 200 5.47 194.53 97.27 35 563 Pb(Ⅱ) 200 154.06 45.94 22.97 298 119 Cu(Ⅱ) 200 162.28 37.72 18.86 232 153 Cd(Ⅱ) 200 175.48 24.52 12.26 140 255 Zn(Ⅱ) 200 180.74 19.26 9.63 107 334 -
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