[1] Han S, Bian H, Zhang Y, et al. Effect of aerosols on visibility and radiation in spring 2009 in Tianjin, China [J]. Aerosol Air Qual Res, 2012,12:211-217
[2] Leibensperger EM, Mickley L, Jacob D, et al. Climatic effects of 1950—2050 changes in US anthropogenic aerosols-Part 1: Aerosol trends and radiative forcing [J]. Atmos Chem Phys, 2012,12(7):3333-3348
[3] Lohmann U, Feichter J. Global indirect aerosol effects: A review [J]. Atmos Chem Phys, 2005,5(3):715-737
[4] Pöschl U. Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effects [J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2005,44(46):7520-7540
[5] Ramanathan V, Crutzen P, Kiehl J, et al. Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle [J]. Science, 2001,294(5549):2119-2124
[6] Deng X, Tie X, Wu D, et al. Long-term trend of visibility and its characterizations in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China [J]. Atmos Environ, 2008,42(7):1424-1435
[7] Chang D, Song Y, Liu B. Visibility trends in six megacities in China 1973—2007 [J]. Atmos Res, 2009,94(2):161-167
[8] Zhang X, Wang Y, Niu T, et al. Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols [J]. Atmos Chem Phys, 2012,12(2):779-799
[9] Zhao P, Zhang X, Xu X, et al. Long-term visibility trends and characteristics in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China [J]. Atmos Res, 2011,101(3):711-718
[10] 黄健, 吴兑, 黄敏辉. 1954—2004年珠江三角洲大气能见度变化趋势 [J]. 应用气象学报, 2008,19(1):61-70
[11] 范引琪, 李春强. 1980—2003年京津冀地区大气能见度变化趋势研究 [J]. 高原气象, 2008,27(6):1392-1400
[12] 马雁军, 左洪超, 张云海,等. 辽宁中部城市群大气能见度变化趋势及影响因子分析 [J]. 高原气象, 2005,24(4):623-628
[13] Seinfeld J H, Pandis S N. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change [M]. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2012: 691-711
[14] Chan Y, Simpson R, Mctainsh G H, et al. Source apportionment of visibility degradation problems in Brisbane (Australia) using the multiple linear regression techniques [J]. Atmos Environ, 1999,33(19):3237-3250
[15] Anderson T, Covert D, Marshall S, et al. Performance characteristics of a high-sensitivity, three-wavelength, total scatter/backscatter nephelometer [J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 1996,13(5):967-986
[16] Heintzenberg J, Wiedensohler A, Tuch T, et al. Intercomparisons and aerosol calibrations of 12 commercial integrating nephelometers of three manufacturers [J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2006,23(7):902-914
[17] Müller T, Nowak A, Wiedensohler A, et al. Angular illumination and truncation of three different integrating nephelometers: Implications for empirical, size-based corrections [J]. Aerosol Sci Tech, 2009,43(6):581-586
[18] Anderson T L, Ogren J A. Determining aerosol radiative properties using the TSI 3563 integrating nephelometer [J]. Aerosol Sci Tech, 1998,29(1):57-69
[19] 范学花, 陈洪滨, 夏祥鳌. 中国大气气溶胶辐射特性参数的观测与研究进展 [J]. 大气科学, 2013,37(2):477-498
[20] Bond T C, Bergstrom R W. Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review [J]. Aerosol Sci Tech, 2006,40(1):27-67
[21] Day D E, Malm W C, Kreidenweis SM. Aerosol light scattering measurements as a function of relative humidity [J]. J Air Waste Manage, 2000,50(5):710-716
[22] Charlson R. Atmospheric visibility related to aerosol mass concentration: review [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 1969,3(10):913-918
[23] Ettinger H J, Royer G W. Visibility and mass concentration in a nonurban environment [J]. Japca J Air Waste Ma, 1972,22(2):108-111
[24] 陈义珍, 赵丹, 柴发合,等. 广州市与北京市大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度的关系 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2010(007):967-971
[25] Carrico C M, Bergin M H, Xu J, et al. Urban aerosol radiative properties: Measurements during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 2003,108(D7)
[26] 程雅芳, 张远航, 胡敏, 等. 珠江三角州大气气溶胶辐射特性:基于观测的模型及应用 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2008: 60-189
[27] Koloutsou-Vakakis S, Carrico CM, Kus P, et al. Aerosol properties at a midlatitude Northern Hemisphere continental site [J]. J Geophys Res-Atmos, 2001,106(D3):3019-3032
[28] Xu J, Bergin M H, Greenwald R, et al. Aerosol chemical, physical, and radiative characteristics near a desert source region of northwest China during ACE-Asia [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 2004,109(D19)
[29] Chow J C, Watson J G, Lowenthal D H, et al. Comparability between PM2.5 and particle light scattering measurements [J]. Environ Monit Assess, 2002,79(1):29-45
[30] Waggoner A P, Weiss R. Comparison of fine particle mass concentration and light scattering extinction in ambient aerosol [J]. Atmos Environ (1967), 1980,14(5):623-626
[31] Bergin M, Cass G, Xu J, et al. Aerosol radiative, physical, and chemical properties in Beijing during June 1999 [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 2001,106(D16):17969-17980
[32] 古金霞, 董海燕, 白志鹏,等. 天津市颗粒物散射消光特征及化学组分贡献研究 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2012,32(1):17-22
[33] Xu J, Bergin M, Yu X, et al. Measurement of aerosol chemical, physical and radiative properties in the Yangtze delta region of China [J]. Atmos Environ, 2002,36(2):161-173
[34] Quinn P K, Coffman D J, Bates T S, et al. Aerosol optical properties during INDOEX 1999: Means, variability, and controlling factors [J]. J Geophys Res-Atmos, 2002,107(D19)
[35] Cheng Y, Wiedensohler A, Eichler H, et al. Aerosol optical properties and related chemical apportionment at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China [J]. Atmos Environ, 2008,42(25):6351-6372
[36] Hand J L, Malm W C. Review of the IMPROVE equation for estimating ambient light extinction coefficients [M]. United States. National Park Service: CIRA, Colorado State University, 2007: 52-110
[37] Covert D S, Charlson R, Ahlquist N. A study of the relationship of chemical composition and humidity to light scattering by aerosols [J]. J Appl Meteorol, 1972,11:968-976
[38] Rood M, Covert D, Larson T. Hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosol in Riverside, California [J]. Tellus B, 1987,39(4):383-397
[39] Tang I N. Chemical and size effects of hygroscopic aerosols on light scattering coefficients [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 1996,101(D14):19245-19250
[40] Bohren C F, Huffman D R. Absorption and scattering of light by small particles [M]. Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGA, 2004: 287-324
[41] Tang I, Munkelwitz H. Water activities, densities, and refractive indices of aqueous sulfates and sodium nitrate droplets of atmospheric importance [J]. J Geophys Res, 1994,99(D9):18801-18808
[42] Tang I N. Thermodynamic and optical properties of mixed-salt aerosols of atmospheric importance [J]. J Geophys Res, 1997,102(D2):1883-1893
[43] 王轩, 陈建华, 陈建民,等. 实验室发生纳米气溶胶吸湿性表征 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2011,24(6):621-631
[44] Hämeri K, Laaksonen A, Väkevä M, et al. Hygroscopic growth of ultrafine sodium chloride particles [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 2001,106(D18):20749-20757
[45] Hämeri K, Väkevä M, Hansson H C, et al. Hygroscopic growth of ultrafine ammonium sulphate aerosol measured using an ultrafine tandem differential mobility analyzer [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 2000,105(D17):22231-22242
[46] Swietlicki E, Zhou J, Berg O H, et al. A closure study of sub-micrometer aerosol particle hygroscopic behaviour [J]. Atmos Res, 1999,50(3):205-240
[47] Swietlicki E, Zhou J, Covert D S, et al. Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles in the north-eastern Atlantic during ACE-2 [J]. Tellus B, 2000,52(2):201-227
[48] Hänel G. The properties of atmospheric aerosol particles as functions of the relative humidity at thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding moist air [J]. Adv Geophys, 1976,19(1):73-188
[49] McInnes L, Bergin M, Ogren J, et al. Apportionment of light scattering and hygroscopic growth to aerosol composition [J]. Geophys Res Lett, 1998,25(4):513-516
[50] Malm W C, Day D E, Kreidenweis S M. Light scattering characteristics of aerosols as a function of relative humidity: Part I—A comparison of measured scattering and aerosol concentrations using the theoretical models [J]. J Air Waste Manage, 2000,50(5):686-700
[51] 刘新罡, 张远航. 大气气溶胶吸湿性质国内外研究进展 [J]. 气候与环境研究, 2010,15(6):806-816
[52] Sasano Y, Browell E V. Light scattering characteristics of various aerosol types derived from multiple wavelength lidar observations [J]. Appl Optics, 1989,28(9):1670-1679
[53] Ackermann J. The extinction-to-backscatter ratio of tropospheric aerosol: A numerical study [J]. Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology, 1998,15(4):1043-1050
[54] Eichler H, Cheng Y, Birmili W, et al. Hygroscopic properties and extinction of aerosol particles at ambient relative humidity in South-Eastern China [J]. Atmos Environ, 2008,42(25):6321-6334
[55] Bundke U, Hanel G, Horvath H, et al. Aerosol optical properties during the Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (LACE 98) [J]. J Geophys Res-Atmos, 2002,107(D21)
[56] Eldering A, Ogren J A, Chowdhury Z, et al. Aerosol optical properties during INDOEX based on measured aerosol particle size and composition [J]. J Geophys Res-Atmos, 2002,107(D22)
[57] 杨军, 李子华, 黄世鸿. 相对湿度对大气气溶胶粒子短波辐射特性的影响 [J]. 大气科学, 1999,23(2):239-247
[58] Jacobson M Z. Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols [J]. Nature, 2001,409(6821):695-697
[59] 王雷, 葛茂发, 王炜罡. 烟炱气溶胶的光学辐射特性研究 [J]. 环境化学, 2011,30(1):120-129
[60] Lesins G, Chylek P, Lohmann U. A study of internal and external mixing scenarios and its effect on aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing [J]. J Geophys Res-Atmos, 2002,107(D10)
[61] Yang M, Howell S, Zhuang J, et al. Attribution of aerosol light absorption to black carbon, brown carbon, and dust in China-interpretations of atmospheric measurements during EAST-AIRE [J]. Atmos Chem Phys, 2009,9(6):2035-2050
[62] Moffet R C, Prather K A. In-situ measurements of the mixing state and optical properties of soot with implications for radiative forcing estimates [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009,106(29):11872-11877
[63] Schnaiter M, Linke C, Möhler O, et al. Absorption amplification of black carbon internally mixed with secondary organic aerosol [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 2005,110(D19)
[64] Adachi K, Buseck P. Internally mixed soot, sulfates, and organic matter in aerosol particles from Mexico City [J]. Atmos Chem Phys, 2008,8(21):6469-6481
[65] Horvath H. Atmospheric light absorption—A review [J]. Atmos Environ Part A General Topics, 1993,27(3):293-317
[66] Fuller K A, Malm W C, Kreidenweis S M. Effects of mixing on extinction by carbonaceous particles [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 1999,104(D13):15941-15954
[67] Heintzenberg J. Light scattering parameters of internal and external mixtures of soot and non-absorbing material in atmospheric aerosols. Proceedings of the Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere; 1978
[68] Bond T C, Habib G, Bergstrom RW. Limitations in the enhancement of visible light absorption due to mixing state [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 2006,111(D20)
[69] 郝丽, 杨文, 吴统文,等. 黑碳-硫酸盐混合气溶胶的辐射特性分析 [J]. 高原气象, 2010,29(5):1238-1245
[70] Cheng Y F, Eichler H, Wiedensohler A, et al. Mixing state of elemental carbon and non-light-absorbing aerosol components derived from in situ particle optical properties at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 2006,111(D20)
[71] Khalizov A F, Xue H, Wang L, et al. Enhanced light absorption and scattering by carbon soot aerosol internally mixed with sulfuric acid [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2009,113(6):1066-1074
[72] Zhang R, Khalizov A F, Pagels J, et al. Variability in morphology, hygroscopicity, and optical properties of soot aerosols during atmospheric processing [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2008,105(30):10291-10296
[73] Yu H, Wu C, Wu D, et al. Size distributions of elemental carbon and its contribution to light extinction in urban and rural locations in the pearl river delta region, China [J]. Atmos Chem Phys, 2010,10(11):5107-5119
[74] Mallet M, Roger J, Despiau S, et al. A study of the mixing state of black carbon in urban zone [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984—2012), 2004,109(D4)
[75] Covert D S, Heintzenberg J. Measurement of the degree of internal/external mixing of hygroscopic compounds and soot in atmospheric aerosols [J]. Sci Total Environ, 1984,36:347-352
[76] Charlson R, Anderson T, Rodhe H. Direct climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols: Quantifying the link between atmospheric sulfate and radiation [J]. Contributions to atmospheric physics, 1999,72(1):79-94
[77] Yuan C S, Lee C G, Liu S H, et al. Correlation of atmospheric visibility with chemical composition of Kaohsiung aerosols [J]. Atmos Res, 2006,82(3):663-679
[78] Hand J, Copeland D, Day A, et al. Spatial and seasonal patterns and temporal variability of haze and its constituents in the United States: Report V: June 2011. Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere for the IMPROVE program, 2011
[79] Malm W C, Hand J L. An examination of the physical and optical properties of aerosols collected in the IMPROVE program [J]. Atmos Environ, 2007,41(16):3407-3427
[80] 姚婷婷, 黄晓锋, 何凌燕,等. 深圳市冬季大气消光性质与细粒子化学组成的高时间分辨率观测和统计关系研究 [J]. 中国科学: 化学, 2010(8):1163-1171
[81] McDonald K, Shepherd M. Characterization of visibility impacts related to fine particulate matter in Canada [J]. J Air Waste Manage, 2004,54(9):1061-1068
[82] Yang L X, Wang D C, Cheng S H, et al. Influence of meteorological conditions and particulate matter on visual range impairment in Jinan, China [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2007,383(1):164-173
[83] Han T, Liu X, Zhang Y, et al. Characteristics of aerosol optical properties and their chemical apportionments during CAREBeijing 2006 [J]. DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2013.06.0203
[84] Tao J, Ho K F, Chen L, et al. Effect of chemical composition of PM2.5 on visibility in Guangzhou, China, 2007 spring [J]. Particuology, 2009,7(1):68-75
[85] Cao J J, Wang Q y, Chow J C, et al. Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi'an, China [J]. Atmos Environ, 2012,59:559-566
[86] 姚青, 韩素芹, 毕晓辉. 天津 2009年3月气溶胶化学组成及其消光特性研究 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2012,32(2):214-220
[87] Tao J, Cao J J, Zhang R J, et al. Reconstructed light extinction coefficients using chemical compositions of PM2.5 in winter in Urban Guangzhou, China [J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 2012,29:359-368
[88] Wang X, Ding X, Fu X, et al. Aerosol scattering coefficients and major chemical compositions of fine particles observed at a rural site in the central Pearl River Delta, South China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012,24(1):72-77
[89] Eidels-Dubovoi S. Aerosol impacts on visible light extinction in the atmosphere of Mexico City [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2002,287(3):213-220
[90] Lyamani H, Olmo F, Alados-Arboledas L. Light scattering and absorption properties of aerosol particles in the urban environment of Granada, Spain [J]. Atmos Environ, 2008,42(11):2630-2642
[91] Watson J G. Visibility: Science and regulation [J]. J Air Waste Manage, 2002,52(6):628-713