TLR4/Akt相关分子在DMF暴露小鼠肝损伤中的作用

桑灵丽,王扬眉,李宏慧,肖静*

南通大学公共卫生学院职业卫生与环境毒理学教研室,南通 226019

摘要: 二甲基甲酰胺(N,N-dimethylformamide, DMF)可通过呼吸,皮肤及消化道等途径进入机体,经肝脏细胞色素P450家族成员2E1的代谢,生成活性代谢产物发挥多系统毒性。建立DMF暴露ICR小鼠模型,观察DMF对肝脏影响及潜在机制。80只雌雄各半ICR小鼠适应性喂养后随机分为对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,分别以0、350、700和1 400 mg·kg-1·d-1的DMF灌胃90 d。记录体质量,苏木精-伊红(HE)、油红O染色法观察小鼠肝脏病理学改变,化学比色法测量肝脏谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)和甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)含量变化。蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blotting, WB)检测Toll样受体4(toll-like receptors 4, TLR4)、蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B, Akt)、核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)活性。ELISA法检测小鼠肝脏中白细胞介素1(interleukin-1, IL-1)、白介素6(interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)等炎性因子的水平。结果表明,高剂量组小鼠体质量从第5周开始显著降低,不同剂量组小鼠肝脏系数均显著增加(P<0.05),暴露组HE染色结果可见不同程度炎性损伤,油红O染色结果可见暴露组小鼠肝脏充斥着大量脂肪滴。和对照组相比,DMF引起肝脏ALT、AST和ALP含量显著上升(P<0.05),TG和TC的水平均在高剂量组出现显著增高。WB结果显示,TLR4水平及其下游分子Akt、NF-κB磷酸化活性显著增高(P<0.05)。ELISA结果显示,与对照组相比,暴露组小鼠IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α水平随着DMF暴露剂量的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,DMF亚慢性暴露通过诱导TLR4/Akt信号通路激活,影响肝脂代谢,促进NF-κB活化并介导免疫和炎症因子应答,诱导肝细胞凋亡,最终引起肝脏损伤。

关键词: 二甲基甲酰胺;ICR小鼠;肝损伤;Toll样受体

二甲基甲酰胺(N,N-dimethylformamide, DMF)因其理化性质优良而在工业生产和生活消费领域广泛应用,使用或生产过程中DMF可向土壤、水体和大气等环境介质扩散蓄积,并通过呼吸、皮肤或消化等途径进入机体[1]。代谢动力学实验表明DMF主要经肝细胞色素P450家族成员2E1代谢生成异氰酸甲酯等活性代谢产物,从而引起肝脏、肾脏和心脏等多系统毒性,其中尤以肝脏损害最为显著[2-4]。体内外实验均证实DMF可引起肝细胞凋亡、肝酶异常,还可增加机体对其他外源化合物的敏感性[5-7]。对此有研究归结于活性氧(ROS)有关的氧化应激级联反应,但同时也有研究通过基因敲除小鼠和人群丙二醛水平分析等结果推测,在DMF暴露中存在与氧化应激无关的损伤方式[7-9],但迄今为止DMF肝损害效应的具体途径和相关分子尚不明确。

Toll样受体4(toll-like receptors 4, TLR4)作为一种先天免疫因子,已被证明在汞、砷和环境有机污染物等多种外源化学物所致肝损伤中发挥作用,可在内、外源信号诱导下,通过宿主继发危险相关分子模式激活下游靶标如核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)、蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B, Akt),诱发与肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α)、白介素1和白介素6等相关的炎性反应,还可经p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶-自噬蛋白P62信号轴,通过c-jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)级联活化方式诱导肝细胞自噬和炎性反应,最终造成肝细胞损伤[10-12]。研究报道DMF暴露动物在出现消化道损害同时,可伴随S24-7、类杆菌科、理肯菌科和消化链球菌科等菌群数量改变,并推测此现象可能会间接影响Toll受体相关信号而诱导肝脑损害[13-14]。但截至目前,对于TLR4是否在DMF所致肝损伤中发挥作用及其涉及的具体分子尚不清楚。

鉴于以上原因,拟通过动物实验考察DMF对小鼠肝脏损害效应表现及对TLR4相关分子表达的影响,借此探讨DMF肝损伤的潜在机制与可能途径,为DMF生态毒理学研究提供基础数据。

1 材料与方法(Materials and methods

1.1 试剂与仪器

试剂:DMF(Assay LC-MS 98%,Sigma-Aldrich公司,美国);RT-PCR试剂及引物(TaKaRa大连宝生物公司,中国);丙氨酸转氨酶试剂盒、谷草转氨酶试剂盒和碱性磷酸酶试剂盒(Applied Biosystems公司,美国);白细胞介素-1、白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α Elisa试剂盒(江苏酶免实业有限公司,中国);其他试剂均为国产分析纯。

仪器:5332型PCR仪(Eppendorf公司,德国)、MODEL550酶标仪(Bio-Rad公司,美国)、RM2126切片机(Leica公司,德国)、CK40显微镜(Olympus公司,日本)、CFI60数码相机(Nikon,日本)。

1.2 动物模型建立

雌雄各半ICR小鼠80只,雄性(23±2) g,雌性(20±2) g,上海西普尔必凯实验动物有限公司提供(SCXK沪2008-0016),实验室驯养1周后随机分为对照组(0 mg·kg-1·d-1, n=20)、低剂量组(350 mg·kg-1·d-1, n=20)、中剂量组(700 mg·kg-1·d-1, n=20)和高剂量组(1 400 mg·kg-1·d-1, n=20)。

1.3 指标检测

1.3.1 脏器系数

小鼠处死前称量质量,处死后用预冷生理盐水漂洗肝脏,滤纸吸干称取肝质量计算脏器系数:脏器系数=脏器质量(g)/小鼠体质量(g)×100%。

1.3.2 肝脏病理观察

肝脏组织用10%中性福尔马林溶液固定,常规脱水后石蜡包埋制备4 μm切片,苏木精-伊红(HE)、油红O染色后显微镜观察其病理学变化。

1.3.3 肝脏组织匀浆中指标的检测

按照测试盒说明书进行操作,测定肝脏组织匀浆中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)活性以及总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)和甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)含量。

1.3.4 肝脏蛋白质提取及蛋白印迹反应(Western blotting, WB)

称取约100 mg小鼠肝脏组织进行蛋白质提取,置于95 ℃水浴锅蛋白变性10 min,并于-20 ℃冰箱保存备用。根据实验目的,配制不同浓度的SDS-PAGE胶,80 V电压下分离30 min左右,直至marker颜色分开,切换至120 V电压直至结束,对蛋白质进行电泳分离。电泳结束后,在湿转转膜缓冲液中将SDS-PAGE胶上的蛋白转移至甲醇活化的PVDF膜上,100 V,湿转70 min。转膜结束后,加入适量含5%牛奶的TBST,室温轻摇封闭1 h,结束后一抗4 ℃孵育过夜。次日,一抗回收,TBST清洗(5 min×3次)。HRP偶联二抗室温孵育1 h,TBST清洗(5 min×3次)。用ECL发光液孵育约3 min,放入Tanon-5200全自动化学发光图像分析系统拍摄,后用Image J软件分析。

1.3.5 ELISA法测小鼠肝脏中炎性因子水平

称取小鼠肝脏组织约100 mg匀浆,用ELISA法测试小鼠肝脏中炎性因子白介素1(IL-1)、白介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的活性。将试剂盒在室温下放置20 min后,从铝箔袋中取出所需板条。在标准品孔、空白孔、样品孔按照说明书加入所需试剂及待测样品,将带有辣根过氧化物酶标记的抗体加入每个孔中,空白孔除外,然后用封板膜封住反应孔并于恒温箱温育60 min或水浴锅水浴37 ℃。弃去液体,残余水分拍干后加入洗涤液,放置1 min,弃去洗涤液,拍干,重复洗5次。在每个孔中加入A液和B液,37 ℃避光孵育15 min后,加入终止液,于15 min内在450 nm波长处测OD值。

1.4 统计学分析

实验数据用表示,用SPSS 24.0统计软件分析数据。采用单因素方差分析,方差齐性用Least-significant difference进行检验,组间比较用Student-Newman-Keuls法检验,P<0.05表示有显著性差异。

2 结果(Results

2.1 DMF暴露对小鼠一般状况的影响

DMF暴露小鼠均出现不同程度活动迟缓,伴随毛发暗淡,脱毛。随暴露剂量及周期增长,出现明显易激惹,个别实验动物出现腹泻,鼻衄。

如表1所示,实验第5周时,高剂量组小鼠体质量(35.96±5.24) g与对照组(40.61±5.77) g相比开始出现显著降低,低、中剂量组小鼠虽也出现了体质量减少((40.06±5.55) g、(38.81±5.29) g),但与对照组相比差异并不显著。第12周时中、高剂量组小鼠体质量分别为(41.82±6.12) g和(39.62±6.19) g,相比对照组(46.87±6.90) g分别降低了约10.79%和15.48% (P<0.05)。此同时,DMF暴露造成小鼠肝质量的增加,不同剂量组小鼠肝脏系数与对照组相比均显著增加(P<0.05),如表2所示。

2.2 DMF暴露对小鼠肝脏形态影响

对各组小鼠肝脏形态进行比较,光镜下HE染色如图1所示,肝索排列整齐,细质均匀,细胞核着色清晰可见,DMF暴露组可见不同程度炎细胞浸润迁移,细胞空泡出现和细胞核偏移。油红O染色结果如图2所示,与对照组相比,暴露组小鼠细胞质及细胞间隙充斥着大量脂肪滴。

2.3 DMF暴露对小鼠肝脏代谢酶水平影响

对DMF暴露后小鼠肝脏匀浆中肝功能相关酶活性进行了检测,结果如表3所示,和对照组相比DMF暴露造成中、高剂量组ALT、AST和ALP含量显著上升(P<0.05),其中ALT和AST随暴露剂量增加而显著上升。对肝脏代谢产物的检测发现,TG和TC的水平都在DMF暴露组出现了增加,但TC仅在高剂量组出现显著增高,其中高剂量组和低剂量组相比也表现出显著的增加。

2.4 DMF暴露对小鼠肝脏中相关蛋白水平的影响

如图3所示,通过对DMF暴露小鼠TLR4相关通路蛋白质表达水平的检测发现,TLR4的表达随着DMF剂量增加显著上升,分别约是对照组的1.30倍、1.55倍和1.98倍,其下游分子Akt和NF-κB的磷酸化改变趋势与之类似,均随着DMF剂量的增加而显著增高(P<0.05)。

2.5 DMF暴露对小鼠肝脏中炎症因子的影响

如表4所示,ELISA结果显示小鼠肝脏中炎性因子IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α随着DMF暴露剂量的增加而增加。与对照组相比,IL-1水平在中、高剂量组出现显著升高,尤其高剂量组中达到最高,约为对照组4倍左右(P<0.05)。此外,和对照组相比,低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组IL-6活性分别升高约1.15倍、1.35倍和1.86倍,并有随着剂量在组间逐渐上升的趋势(P<0.05)。TNF-α水平在中、高剂量组相较对照组也分别升高约1.86倍和2.76倍(P<0.05)。

表1 二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)暴露对小鼠体质量的影响
Table 1 Effect of N,N-dimethylformamideDMFexposure on body weight of mice

暴露时间/周Exposure time/week对照组Control group低剂量组Low-dose group中剂量组Medium-dose group高剂量组High-dose group029.52±3.6429.64±3.3830.12±4.3729.71±1.94132.49±5.3332.84±3.2932.64±4.5932.28±3.54234.51±5.7434.21±4.1633.82±4.9333.45±3.53336.29±5.8636.26±3.1135.64±5.2834.68±3.76438.92±6.4838.36±5.1037.17±5.5335.70±4.86540.61±5.7740.06±5.5538.81±5.2935.96±5.24*642.11±6.5241.49±5.7940.07±5.6836.73±5.67*743.63±6.7442.40±4.4740.71±6.4536.94±5.71*#844.42±6.2443.37±5.3440.97±6.0338.39±6.03*#945.23±6.9343.83±6.0142.07±4.8939.01±5.98*#1045.94±6.5844.54±6.3541.84±6.0938.98±6.27*#1146.79±6.7845.47±5.8042.16±5.2338.83±5.84*#1246.87±6.9046.14±5.9541.82±6.12*#39.62±6.19*#1344.37±5.7543.93±2.8538.48±6.30*#37.17±5.52*#

注:*与对照组相比,P<0.05;#与低剂量组相比,P<0.05。

Note: * indicates P <0.05 compared with control group; # indicates P<0.05 compared with low-dose group.

表2 DMF暴露对小鼠肝质量和脏器系数的影响Table 2 Effect of DMF exposure on liver weight and organ index of mice n=20

组别Group肝质量/gLiver weight/g肝脏系数/%Liver organ coefficient/%对照组Control group1.76±0.514.46±0.40低剂量组Low-dose group1.84±0.344.88±0.32*中剂量组Medium-dose group1.93±0.395.02±1.41*高剂量组High-dose group2.12±0.48*#5.46±0.21*

注:*与对照组相比,P<0.05;#与低剂量组相比,P<0.05。

Note: *indicates P<0.05 compared with control group; # indicates P<0.05 compared with low-dose group.

图1 DMF暴露后小鼠肝脏HE染色
注:(a)、(b)、(c)和(d)分别代表对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组(×400),n=20;黑色箭头表示空泡,红色箭头表示炎性细胞。
Fig. 1 HE staining of mouse liver after DMF exposure
Note: (a), (b), (c), and (d) represent the control group, low-dose group, medium-dose group, high-dose group (×400), n=20; the black arrows indicate vacuoles, and the red arrows indicate inflammatory cells.

图2 DMF暴露后小鼠肝脏油红O染色
注:(a)、(b)、(c)和(d)分别代表对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组(×400),n=20;黑色箭头表示脂肪滴。
Fig. 2 Mice liver oil red O staining after DMF exposure
Note: (a), (b), (c), and (d) represent the control group, low-dose group, medium-dose group, high-dose group (×400), n=20; the black arrow shows the fat drop.

3 讨论(Discussion

DMF属于人类健康领域优先研究的4种污染物之一,具有明显的肝脏毒性,但具体机制未明[15]。本次实验发现DMF能引起小鼠肝脏酶学及形态学的显著改变,伴随脂质代谢产物的水平升高,这与前人对不同途径接触DMF的啮齿类及人、兔等种属研究的结果类似[16-17],提示亚慢性DMF暴露可造成以肝脂代谢紊乱为特征的肝损伤表现。为进一步了解DMF毒效应机制,对TLR4及相关分子表达进行了检测。

TLR4属于宿主应答反应中的一种细胞表面受体分子,在天然免疫和炎症反应中具有中心枢纽作用[18]。除了其经典配体脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)外,近年研究发现TLR4也可被包括环境内分泌干扰物在内的多种外源化合物所响应,通过识别病原相关分子模式及危险相关分子模式活化下游衔接分子如髓样分化因子88、β干扰素TIR结构域衔接蛋白等,最终调节信号依赖性转录因子活性,参与后续肝脏炎性损伤,被认为是急慢性肝损伤中重要一环[10-11, 19-21]

TLR4的损伤效果与其对下游分子Akt的调控活化关系密切(图4)。TLR4可通过转录调节或诱导胞内磷脂酰肌醇激酶调节亚基P85活化来上调Akt磷酸化水平。活化的Akt通过上调固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c核积累、激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白受体、诱导肝X受体活化的方式上调脂肪酸合成酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶等表达促进脂质合成。研究发现野生型C3H/HeN小鼠和TLR4基因突变的C3H/HeJ小鼠相比具有更高的肝脏脂肪蓄积和炎性改变[22]。此外PM2.5暴露研究也发现TLR4可通过调节Akt反馈调节因子STAT3水平影响肝脏瘦素分泌,造成脂代谢异常[23-24]。反之,TLR4拮抗剂或敲除沉默均对缓解或阻断与下游Akt相关的脂毒性反应有效[25-26]。但同时作为增殖调控和糖脂代谢的交叉调节分子,细胞代谢失衡可促使Akt招募活化IκB激酶(IκB kinase, IKK)复合物并降解NF-κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B, IκB),使其转位入核调节下游靶基因转录,促进炎性免疫[27]。Shen等[28]通过药物抑制TLR4表达,发现能缓解Akt/NF-κB激活的炎性反应,从而降低大鼠卵巢细胞凋亡。此外TLR4下游分子MyD88的抑制剂可通过阻滞Akt磷酸化及下调IκB活性的方式减少NF-κB活化,抑制RAW 264.7细胞中LPS所引起的炎性损伤[29]。在本次实验中随着DMF暴露剂量的增加,TLR4表达水平出现明显增加,同时伴随下游Akt/NF-κB磷酸化水平的提升,与之同步的是血清中TG和TC的上升及肝细胞中脂滴数量的增加。由此推断,DMF首先通过激活TLR4/Akt造成了脂代谢通路的亢进,引起细胞中脂肪蓄积增多,正常情况下,肝系统通过加快转运和脂肪酸氧化来对抗脂肪合成,但随着血中游离脂肪酸水平及细胞脂变性加重超过机体代偿,又作为外源性诱因刺激Akt加快上调NF-κB,触发终末炎性反应回路。

图3 DMF对小鼠蛋白表达水平的影响
注:*与对照组相比,P<0.05
Fig. 3 Effect of DMF on mouse protein expression level n=20)
Note: *indicates P<0.05 compared with control group.

图4 TLR4相关分子在DMF致小鼠肝损伤中的作用方式
Fig. 4 TLR4 activation leading to liver injury with DMF exposure

表3 DMF暴露对小鼠血清肝代谢酶的影响Table 3 Effect of DMF on liver metabolic enzyme activity in serum of mice n=20

组别GroupALT/(U·g-1)AST/(U·g-1)ALP/(King unit·g-1)TC/(mmol·g-1)TG/(mmol·g-1)对照组Control group152.33±20.3744.26±10.740.58±0.060.07±0.010.13±0.03低剂量组Low-dose group159.83±33.1547.59±9.420.67±0.090.07±0.030.15±0.05中剂量组Medium-dose group191.38±37.50*58.84±8.97*0.68±0.08*0.07±0.030.18±0.08*高剂量组High-dose group230.94±40.22*#Δ74.80±21.46*#Δ0.70±0.05*0.08±0.01*0.27±0.11*#

注:*与对照组相比,P<0.05;#与低剂量组相比,P<0.05;Δ与中剂量组相比,P<0.05;ALT表示丙氨酸氨基转移酶,AST表示谷草转氨酶,ALP表示碱性磷酸酶,TC表示总胆固醇,TG表示甘油三酯。

Note: *indicates P<0.05 compared with control group, # indicates P<0.05 compared with low-dose group, Δ indicates P<0.05 compared with medium-dose group; ALT stands for alanine aminotransferase, AST stands for aspartate aminotransferase, ALP stands for alkaline phosphatase, TC stands for total cholesterol; TG stands for triglyceride.

表4 DMF对小鼠炎症因子活性的影响
Table 4 Effect of DMF on the activity of inflammatory factors in mice n=20 (pg·mL-1

组别GroupIL-1IL-6TNF-α对照组Control group5.01±0.666.72±0.380.58±0.06低剂量组Low-dose group6.34±1.177.74±0.49*0.67±0.09中剂量组Medium-dose group8.01±1.41*9.08±0.15*#0.68±0.08*高剂量组High-dose group21.18±8.34*#Δ12.47±1.59*#Δ0.70±0.05*#

注:*与对照组相比,P<0.05;#与低剂量组相比,P<0.05;Δ与中剂量组相比,P<0.05。

Note: *indicates P <0.05 compared with control group; # indicates P <0.05 compared with low-dose group; Δ indicates P<0.05 compared with medium-dose group.

作为炎性网络的中心环节,NF-κB活化后将通过转录因子调控方式上调促炎细胞如TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和IL-10等的表达。作为最早最重要的炎症介质,TNF-α能激活中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞促使白介素合成与释放,生成的IL-1和IL-6不仅刺激T细胞、巨噬细胞分泌各种趋化因子,还能增加肝细胞合成急性期蛋白引起肝细胞凋亡[30]。与此同时,以上促炎因子也能介由二酰基甘油和神经酰胺等第二信使作用激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路,反向上调NF-κB并形成炎性环路[31]。在前人开展的体外实验中DMF可通过诱导高水平促炎因子如TNF-α、IL-1等分泌造成H9c2细胞凋亡,以往发现的DMF相关肝损伤模型中,同样存在TNF-α、IL-1等的显著上升[32-33]。据此有理由推断DMF有能力通过上调TLR4/Akt/NF-κB途径激活细胞炎性反应,并形成NF-κB与促炎因子的自调节反馈环路,造成炎性关系网的恶性往复,延长炎性反应时间,最终导致肝细胞凋亡和肝脏损伤的不良结局。

综上所述,通过本研究发现DMF亚慢性暴露可造成ICR小鼠出现肝脏脂代谢紊乱、肝细胞凋亡,最终出现肝损伤的不良结局。我们推测DMF诱导TLR4的表达上调是这一现象的开端,此后TLR4通过上调Akt活性影响下游NF-κB相关的炎性反应网络,造成肝脏免疫炎性调控失代偿而最终导致肝脏损伤的结局。

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Role of TLR4/Akt Related Molecules in Liver Injury of Mice Exposed to DMF

Sang Lingli, Wang Yangmei, Li Honghui, Xiao Jing*

Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China

Abstract: N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) can enter the body through ingestion, respiration and skin contact, and is oxidized by CYP2E1 into toxic intermediates in liver. The aim of this study was to establish an effective ICR mouse model of DMF exposure and to identify potential mechanism of its hepatotoxicity. 80 ICR mice were randomly divided into a control group and three exposure groups (350, 700 and 1 400 mg·kg-1·d-1). DMF was administered by oral gavage for 90 d. Body weight was recorded weekly. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) of each group were measured. The hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and oil red O staining were performed. Total protein was extracted from the liver tissues. The expression of toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), protein kinase B (Akt), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) was tested by Western blotting (WB). The contents of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by ELISA. The results showed that the body weight of the 1 400 mg·kg-1·d-1 group was significantly decreased from the 5th week and the liver coefficient increased significantly in all DMF exposure groups (P<0.05). The H&E staining showed different degrees of inflammatory damage in the exposed groups. The accumulation of lipid droplets was observed in the livers of all DMF exposure groups. In addition, a significant increase was recorded in AST, ALT and ALP levels in DMF groups (P<0.05). Compared with the control, the levels of TG and TC increased significantly in the 1 400 mg·kg-1·d-1 group. The Western blot results showed that the expression of TLR4, p-Akt and p-NF-κB was significantly increased after exposure (P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α increased significantly in all exposed groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). Above results indicate that subchronic exposure to DMF leads to liver damage by inducing the activation of TLR4/Akt signaling pathway, interfering with lipid metabolism and promoting inflammatory responses.

Keywords: N,N-dimethylformamide; ICR mouse; liver injury; Toll-like receptor

收稿日期2021-09-28

录用日期:2021-12-26

文章编号: 1673-5897(2022)4-386-09

中图分类号: X171.5

文献标识码: A

基金项目国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173554);江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20201444);南通市科技项目(JC2020029);南通大学大型仪器开放基金资助项目(K20220523000054)

第一作者桑灵丽(1995—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为环境毒理学,E-mail: sanglingli301@163.com

*通讯作者(Corresponding author), E-mail: xiaoj_1980@163.com

DOI: 10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20210928001

桑灵丽, 王扬眉, 李宏慧, 等. TLR4/Akt相关分子在DMF暴露小鼠肝损伤中的作用[J]. 生态毒理学报,2022, 17(4): 386-394

Sang L L, Wang Y M, Li H H, et al. Role of TLR4/Akt related molecules in liver injury of mice exposed to DMF [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2022, 17(4): 386-394 (in Chinese)

Received 28 September 2021 accepted 26 December 2021

通讯作者简介:肖静(1980—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为环境内分泌干扰物。