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油浸泥土主要来源于石油开采过程产生的落地原油和含油矿渣、污泥、垃圾的堆置,以及采油废水滥排、石油泄露事件等[1-2]。石油污染使土壤的通透性降低,影响土壤中植物和微生物的生长。油浸泥土若不妥善处置,将造成污染扩散,影响周边环境和人体健康[3]。油浸泥土内部的轻质油分挥发出来,可进入到大气循环当中,并且随着大气的运动,造成污染扩散。油浸泥土中烃类可渗入地下水,导致地下水水质恶化。因此,油浸泥土已成为巨大的环境隐患,针对其处理处置已引起广泛关注[4-5]。
目前,油浸泥土的处置技术主要包括萃取技术、生物处理技术和热脱附技术。热脱附技术是一项利用燃气或者电能等能源对污染土壤加热,并对挥发后的污染物收集和处理的土壤修复技术,热脱附技术对有机污染土壤具有较好的修复效果[6-9]。根据修复方式,热脱附技术分为异位热脱附和原位热脱附技术,异位热脱附技术是将土壤开挖后进行处理,不影响土地的再利用。而原位热脱附技术是一种在污染场地上进行原地修复的技术,具有对土壤扰动小、二次污染可控、处理范围广等优点,尤其是对土壤污染较深、渗透低、黏性强、开挖难度大、不利于异位开挖修复的场地,原位热脱附技术优势更加明显[10-11]。热脱附技术作为一种重要的非燃烧技术,在有机污染土壤修复及含油污泥处置领域具有较好的应用前景。热脱附技术的影响因素较多,如反应条件、反应设备、土壤特性等[1, 12-15]。关于此技术,国外已有较多的研究和应用,但在我国起步较晚,相关研究较少,且机理研究也不够深入。张学良等[16]研究了热脱附技术对苯、氯苯等污染物的处理效果,热脱附对不同有机物的去除率均接近100%,且发现温度、停留时间、含水率、孔隙率等因素均可影响热脱附效果。王锦淮[17]开展了热脱附技术的中试实验,结果表明苯胺、氯苯、1,2-二氯苯和1,4-二氯苯等污染物接近完全去除。BAKER等[18]的研究结果表明,在300 °C的加热温度下,热脱附处理苯、乙苯、萘烯、甲苯效果较好。截至目前,国内外关于热脱附技术的研究及应用主要集中于多环芳烃类及苯系物类污染土壤的处理上,很少应用于油浸泥土的修复,因此,开展针对热脱附技术应用于油浸泥土的影响因素的研究十分必要[19]。
新疆油田是我国历史久远的大型采油区,石油开采后遗留大量油坑和油浸泥土。本研究在分析新疆某采油区油浸泥土性质的基础上,采用热解炉实验装置,对不同初始含油率(油浸泥土中的石油烃含量)、含水率的油浸泥土进行了热脱附模拟实验,通过测定不同加热温度和加热时间下的固相含油率、能耗等参数,研究了热脱附过程中加热温度、时间、初始含水率、含油率等对热修复效果的影响,为热脱附技术在油浸泥土修复领域的应用提供参考。
油浸泥土热脱附修复小试实验条件的探索
Exploration on small-scale experimental conditions in thermal desorption remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil
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摘要: 针对油浸泥土中石油烃去除机制不清的问题,利用自制热解炉小试装置,研究了不同条件下油浸泥土中石油烃的处理效果,通过调节加热温度、时间、初始含油率和初始含水率等参数,模拟油浸泥土热脱附过程。结果表明:利用小试装置,当初始含油率为11.3%、初始含水率为20%时,热脱附温度300 °C、热脱附时间4 h为最佳处理工艺,处理后油浸泥土中的含油率可降低至0.7%,远低于《油气田含油污泥综合利用污染控制要求》(DB 65/T 3998-2017)中2%的修复标准,石油烃的去除率可达到93.8%;在常见油浸泥土含水率20%及最佳处理工艺下,随着初始含油率的升高,热脱附处理后的固相含油率逐渐升高,但石油烃去除率基本保持不变。适中的油浸泥土含水率有利于热脱附处理,最佳初始含水率为10%~20%。Abstract: The mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbon removal in petroleum-contaminated soils is unclear. The self-dependent small-scale experimental device of pyrolysis furnace was used to investigate the petroleum hydrocarbon treatment effects in petroleum-contaminated soils under different conditions. Through adjusting the heating temperature, heating time, initial petroleum content and moisture content, the process of in-situ thermal remediation was simulated. The results showed that the optimum conditions for petroleum hydrocarbon remove were heating temperature of 300 °C and heating time of 4 h for petroleum-contaminated soils with initial petroleum content of 11.3% and initial water content of 20%. The petroleum content of treated soil decreased to 0.7%, which was far below the remediation standard value of 2% in the pollution control requirements for comprehensive utilization of oil and gas field oily sludge (DB 65/T 3998-2017). The removal rate of petroleum hydrocarbon in soils reached 93.8%. At the water content of 20% in petroleum-contaminated soils and optimum treatment conditions, with the increase of initial oil content, the oil content of solid phase after thermal desorption increases gradually, while the petroleum hydrocarbon removal rate almost unchanged. Moderate water content was benefit to the remediation, and the optimum initial moisture content was 10%~20%.
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