-
随着现代印染工业的发展,染料废水的经济、高效处理愈发重要。亚甲基蓝(MB),化学名为氯化3,7-双(二甲氨基)噻吩嗪-5-鎓,常用于棉、麻、蚕丝织物、纸张的染色和竹、木等的着色,是印染废水中具有代表性的阳离子有机污染物之一。目前,对MB废水的处理方法主要有化学絮凝、微生物降解、离子交换、膜分离、电化学/光催化氧化及吸附法等[1-5]。其中吸附法由于操作简单、处理效率高,被认为是染料废水处理中最有效的方法[6]。吸附法中常用的吸附剂主要有碳纳米管[7]、黏土矿物[8]、生物质碳[9]及各类合成聚合物[10-13]等,尤其是合成的多孔聚合物材料由于其具有高比表面积、高孔隙率和高渗透性等特点,且对污染物的吸附速率快、饱和吸附量高、易回收再利用等而被广泛关注[14-15]。多孔聚合物的制备途径有多种,按成孔机制主要有冷冻干燥法、相分离法、模板法、生孔剂法等[16],其中Pickering乳液模板法因可方便调节模板种类、大小、形状等来控制制备材料的孔结构和形貌,而被认为是制备多孔聚合物最简便有效的方法[17-18]。已被用于稳定Pickering乳液做模板制备多孔材料的天然高分子主要有纤维素[19]、淀粉[20]、蛋白质[21]、果胶[22]、细菌[23]等。LI等[24]首次使用牛血清蛋白(BSA)的纳米胶体粒子稳定的O/W型Pickering乳液为模板,化学交联BSA粒子,制备了多层次的纯蛋白质多孔支架材料。CAPRON等[25]利用纤维素纳米晶的胶体粒子制备了水包十六烷的Pickering乳液,冷冻干燥下除去水相和油相,得到了多孔纤维素泡沫。LIU等[26]以壳聚糖胶体粒子稳定的Pickeirng乳液为模板,制备了纯的壳聚糖多孔洞结构的支架材料,研究了其对Cu2+的吸附能力,发现支架材料中的孔洞可以提供更多吸附空间和吸附位点,提高吸附能力。ZHU等[27]也以羟丙基纤维素大分子胶体溶液稳定的Pickering乳液为模板,自由基引发聚合制得多孔水凝胶,并将其用于废水中Rb+和Cs+的去除,其最高平衡吸附量可达232.5 mg·g−1和239.9 mg·g−1。
小麦麸质蛋白(wheat gluten,WG)是小麦淀粉加工的副产物,是多形化的多肽混合物,主要由醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白组成,其分子间的非共价键(如氢键、离子键与疏水键等)可以促进醇溶蛋白与麦谷蛋白团聚,影响WG的结构与物理性质。WG具有大量的活性基团,可以通过物理、化学和生物等方法进行各种改性,制备出许多具备优良性能和多种功能的新型材料,如包装材料、医用材料,食品替代材料等[28-29]。LIU等[30]用乳化-溶剂蒸发法成功制备了WG稳定的高内相乳液,可用于食品中替代蛋黄酱。CHIOU等[31]利用柠檬酸交联WG制备水凝胶,但此类凝胶机械强度低,吸附量小。本研究以WG中醇溶蛋白稳定的O/W型Pickering乳液滴为孔模板,WG与丙烯酸(AA)原位自由基接枝聚合,制备多孔小麦麸质蛋白-g-聚丙烯酸钠(WG-g-PNaA)水凝胶,以改善纯WG凝胶作为吸附材料的机械强度低和吸附容量小的缺点,重点考察了其对水体中亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附和去除性能,以期为拓展WG在印染废水处理方面的应用提供参考。
Pickering乳液模板多孔WG-g-PNaA水凝胶去除水体中的亚甲基蓝
Methylene blue removal by the porous WG-g-PNaA hydrogel based on Pickering emulsion template
-
摘要: 为拓展小麦加工副产物麦麸蛋白(WG)在印染废水处理工业中的应用,以其中的醇溶蛋白稳定的O/W型Pickering乳液为孔模板,WG与AA原位自由基接枝聚合,制备了多孔小麦麸质蛋白-g-聚丙烯酸钠(WG-g-PNaA)水凝胶。通过FT-IR、FESEM表征手段对合成的水凝胶进行结构和表面形貌表征,考察了其对水体中亚甲基蓝(MB)的去除性能。结果表明:WG与PAA链成功接枝聚合,Pickering乳液滴被洗除后在WG-g-PNaA水凝胶网络中留下规整的连续孔隙,BET比表面积为18.04 m2·g−1;在溶液pH=9.0,初始浓度C0≤300 mg·L−1时,多孔WG-g-PNaA水凝胶对MB的去除率可达98.5%以上,其等温吸附过程符合Langmuir单层吸附模型,饱和吸附量为2 144.2 mg·g−1;吸附热力学研究结果表明:温度对吸附影响较小,吸附动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,物理化学静电吸附为速率控制步骤;但吸附初期Pickering乳液致孔凝胶的粒子内扩散模型的K1d(28.59)远大于无Pickering乳液致孔凝胶的K1d(12.89),这说明凝胶网络中的孔隙在吸附初期有利于MB分子扩散传质,提高吸附速率。研究结果可为WG在印染废水处理中的应用提供参考。
-
关键词:
- 小麦麸质蛋白 /
- Pickering乳液模板 /
- 多孔水凝胶 /
- 亚甲基蓝去除
Abstract: To expand the application of wheat gluten (WG), a byproducts from wheat process, in dyeing wastewater treatment industry, gliadin stabilized O/W-Pickering emulsion was taken as template, the in situ free radical grafted polymerization of WG and AA was conducted to prepare a novel porous hydrogel, named as wheat gluten-graft-sodium polyacrylate (WG-g-PNaA) hydrogel. The structure and morphology of the porous WG-g-PNaA hydrogel was characterized by FT-IR and FESEM, and the performance on methylene blue removal by the WG-g-PNaA hydrogel was studied. The results showed that a successful grafted polymerization between WG and PAA chain, the regular and continuous pores left in WG-g-PNaA hydrogel network after removing Pickering emulsion drops by washing. The BET specific surface area was 18.04 m2·g−1. At the initial pH 9.0 and MB initial concentration not higher than 300 mg·L−1, the MB removal rate could reach over 98.5% by porous WG-g-PNaA hydrogel. The adsorption process accorded with Langmuir single-layer adsorption model, the corresponding saturated adsorption amount was 2 144.2 mg·g−1. The adsorption thermodynamics indicated that temperature had slight effect on adsorption. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, the rate control step was physicochemical electrostatic adsorption. However, the intra-particle diffusion model coefficient K1d(28.59) of the Pickering emulsion pore hydrogel at the initial adsorption stage was much higher than that of the non-Pickering emulsion pore hydrogel(12.89). This result indicated that the pores in the hydrogel network were benefited for the diffusion of MB molecules and improving the initial adsorption rate at the initial adsorption stage. This can provide reference for expand the application of wheat processing by-product in dyeing wastewater treatment.-
Key words:
- wheat gluten /
- Pickering emulsion template /
- porous hydrogel /
- methylene blue removal
-
表 1 多孔WG-g-PNaA水凝胶吸附MB的等温热力学参数
Table 1. MB absorption isotherm parameters by the porous WG-g-PNaA hydrogel
温度/℃ Langmuir Freundlich qe/(mg·g−1) qm/(mg·g−1) KL/(L·mg−1) RL R2 KF/(L·mg−1) 1/n R2 25 2 144.2 2 148.1 0.993 6 0.091 4~0.001 0 0.999 9 917.7 0.157 7 0.970 4 35 2 100.9 2 114.2 0.337 9 0.228 4~0.003 0 0.999 9 902.4 0.386 1 0.935 3 45 2 056.5 2 093.9 0.117 3 0.460 1~0.000 5 0.999 9 887.2 0.444 8 0.903 2 表 2 WG-g-PNAA水凝胶吸附MB的准二级动力学模型和粒子内扩散模型拟合参数(25 ℃)
Table 2. Parameters of pseudo-second-order model and intra-particle diffusion model for MB adsorption by WG-g-PNaA hydrogel at 25 ℃
凝胶 准二级动力学模型 粒子内扩散模型 qe/(mg·g−1) qe, cal/(mg·g−1) k2/(10–4 g·(mg·min)−1) R2 k1d/(mg·(g·min1/2)−1) c1/(mg·g−1) R2 k2d/(mg·(g·min1/2)−1) c2/(mg·g−1) R2 HA 1 463.2 1 482.1 2.775 9 0.999 9 28.59 269.1 0.990 4 8.657 6 1 344.5 0.987 3 HB 1 452.4 1 471.9 1.548 9 0.999 8 12.89 319.6 0.991 4 7.730 4 1 257.6 0.949 7 -
[1] YANG Z H, LI M, YU M D, et al. A novel approach for methylene blue removal by calcium dodecyl sulfate enhanced precipitation and microbial flocculant GA1 flocculation[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 303: 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.101 [2] BHARTI V, VIKRANT K, GOSWAMI M, et al. Biodegradation of methylene blue dye in a batch and continuous mode using biochar as packing media[J]. Environmental Research, 2019, 171: 356-364. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.051 [3] GADADE P R, SARDARE M D, CHAVAN A R. Studies of extraction of methylene blue from synthetic wastewater using liquid emulsion membrane technology[J]. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2012, 91(1): 84-89. [4] EL-MOSELHY M M, KAMAL S M. Selective removal and preconcentration of methylene blue from polluted water using cation exchange polymeric material[J]. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 2018, 6: 6-13. doi: 10.1016/j.gsd.2017.10.001 [5] LU J, BATJIKH I, HURH J, et al. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from bark extract of Kalopanax septemlobus[J]. Optik, 2019, 182: 980-985. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.12.016 [6] GE H Y, WANG C C, LIU S S, et al. Synthesis of citric acid functionalized magnetic graphene oxide coated corn straw for methylene blue adsorption[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 221: 419-429. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.060 [7] GONG J, LIU J, JIANG Z W, et al. A facile approach to prepare porous cup-stacked carbon nanotube with high performance in adsorption of methylene blue[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2015, 445: 195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.12.078 [8] PENG S C, WANG S S, CHEN T H, et al. Adsorption kinetics of methylene blue from aqueous solutions onto palygorskite[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2010, 80(2): 236-242. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00236.x [9] 李丹阳, 杨蕊嘉, 罗海艳, 等. 十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性生物炭对水中镉离子吸附性能的影响[J]. 环境工程学报, 2019, 13(8): 1809-1821. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201811145 [10] DAI H J, HUANG Y, HUANG H H. Eco-friendly polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels reinforced with graphene oxide and bentonite for enhanced adsorption of methylene blue[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 185: 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.073 [11] WANG W, ZHAO Y L, BAI H Y, et al. Methylene blue removal from water using the hydrogel beads of poly(vinyl alcohol)-sodium alginate-chitosan-montmorillonite[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 198: 518-528. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.124 [12] MAKHADO E, PANDEY S, NOMNGONGO P N, et al. Fast microwave-assisted green synthesis of xanthan gum grafted acrylic acid for enhanced methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2017, 176: 315-326. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.093 [13] JIANG J X, ZHANG Q H, ZHAN X L, et al. A multifunctional gelatin-based aerogel with superior pollutants adsorption oil/water separation and photocatalytic properties[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 358: 1539-1551. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.144 [14] 安连财, 韩久放, 章应辉, 等. 多孔有机聚合物吸附分离水体中有机污染物研究和应用进展[J]. 应用化学, 2018, 35(9): 1019-1025. doi: 10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2018.09.180184 [15] KIM Y J, KIM I, LEE T S, et al. Porous hydrogel containing Prussian blue nanoparticles for effective cesium ion adsorption in aqueous media[J]. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2018, 60: 465-474. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.11.034 [16] 卢国冬, 燕青芝, 宿新泰, 等. 多孔水凝胶研究进展[J]. 化学进展, 2007, 19(4): 485-493. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-281X.2007.04.006 [17] 王振有, 刘会娥, 朱佳梦, 等. 乳液法制备聚乙烯醇-石墨烯气凝胶及其对纯有机物的吸附[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(3): 1152-1162. [18] ZHU Y F, WANG W B, YU H, et al. Preparation of porous adsorbent via Pickering emulsion template for water treatment: A review[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2020, 88: 217-236. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.001 [19] ERREZMA M, MABROYK A B, MAGNIN A, et al. Surfactant-free emulsion Pickering polymerization stabilized by aldehyde-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 202: 621-630. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.018 [20] KAVOUSI F, NIKFARJAM N. Highly interconnected macroporous structures made from starch nanoparticle-stabilized medium internal phase emulsion polymerization for use in cell culture[J]. Polymer, 2019, 180: 121744-121753. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121744 [21] LI J, XU X, CHEN Z X, et al. Zein/gum Arabic nanoparticle-stabilized Pickering emulsion with thymol as an antibacterial delivery system[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 200: 416-426. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.025 [22] HU Y, MA S S, YANG Z H, et al. Facile fabrication of poly(L-lactic acid) microsphere-incorporated calcium alginate/hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds based on Pickering emulsion templates[J]. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2016, 140: 382-391. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.005 [23] JIANG X Y, FALCO C Y, DALBY K N, et al. Surface engineered bacteria as Pickering stabilizers for foams and emulsions[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2019, 89: 224-233. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.044 [24] LI Z F, XIAO M D, WANG J F, et al. Pure protein scaffolds from pickering high internal phase emulsion template[J]. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2013, 34(2): 169-174. doi: 10.1002/marc.201200553 [25] CAPRON I, CATHALA B. Surfactant-free high internal phase emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2013, 14(2): 291-296. doi: 10.1021/bm301871k [26] LIU H, WANG C Y. Chitosan scaffolds for recyclable adsorption of Cu(II) ions[J]. RSC Advances, 2014, 4(8): 3864-3872. doi: 10.1039/C3RA45088K [27] ZHU Y F, ZHANG H F, WANG W B, et al. Fabrication of a magnetic porous hydrogel sphere for efficient enrichment of Rb+ and Cs+ from aqueous solution[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2017, 125: 214-225. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.07.021 [28] PIETSCH V L, KARBSTEIN H P, EMIN M. A Kinetics of wheat gluten polymerization at extrusion-like conditions relevant for the production of meat analog products[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2018, 85: 102-109. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.07.008 [29] FU D W, DENG S M, MCCLEMENTS D J, et al. Encapsulation of β-carotene in wheat gluten nanoparticle-xanthan gum-stabilized Pickering emulsions: Enhancement of carotenoid stability and bioaccessibility[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2019, 89: 80-89. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.032 [30] LIU X, GUO J, WAN Z L, et al. Wheat gluten-stabilized high internal phase emulsions as mayonnaise replacers[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2018, 77: 168-175. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.09.032 [31] CHIOU B S, JAFRI H, CAO T, et al. Modification of wheat gluten with citric acid to produce superabsorbent materials[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2013, 129(6): 3192-3197. doi: 10.1002/app.39044 [32] SALIBY I E, ERDEI L, KIM J H, et al. Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue over hydrogen-titanate nanofibers produced by a peroxide method[J]. Water Research, 2013, 47: 4115-4125. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.12.045 [33] 施小宁, 陈晖, 张浩波, 等. 基于酵母发酵致孔的小麦麸质蛋白/聚丙烯酸钠复合多孔水凝胶的合成及溶胀性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2018, 35(6): 1386-1394.