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苯酚是一种典型且不易降解的有机污染物,广泛用作合成色素、农药和杀虫剂的中间体[1],近年来引起了公众的极大关注。许多技术,如物理吸附[2]、生物降解[3]和化学氧化[4]等,已被用于去除苯酚和酚类有污染物。虽然这些方法具有可行性,但它们也存在一些缺点,如成本高、降解不彻底、生成比原始污染物更具毒性的副产物等。因此,需要开发一些可有效处理难降解污染物的技术。其中,基于Fenton反应的电化学高级氧化技术(电-Fenton技术,EF)被认为是一种高效且环保的降解方法[5],其可直接在阴极还原O2生成H2O2[6],避免了H2O2的运输和储存[7],而后加入Fe2+催化生成的H2O2进一步分解为·OH,有机物(R)最终被·OH氧化降解[8]。
但传统电-Fenton技术的一些缺点限制了其被广泛应用,如严格的pH范围(3~4)[9]、铁泥的产生、Fe2+的再生效率低以及催化剂不能循环使用等[10]。使用非均相电-Fenton催化剂[11]则能克服这些缺点,一方面,其可以拓宽降解有机污染物的pH范围,使其在接近中性的环境中进行[12];另一方面,非均相电-Fenton催化剂将活性组分(主要是Fe)直接负载于催化剂载体上,可以减少铁泥的形成,重复利用性好。因为活性炭具有来源广泛、孔隙率高和比表面积大等特点,故其被视为负载催化剂的理想载体[13]。另外,已有研究[14]表明,电-Fenton技术中污染物的降解效率与阴极H2O2的生成量有着密切联系,因此,阴极材料的选择至关重要,具有导电性能好、多孔性和稳定性好等特点的阴极材料更有利于阴极H2O2的生成。
本研究利用非均相电-Fenton技术去除水中的苯酚。首先,利用等体积浸渍法将铁负载在活性炭上,制备了非均相电-Fenton催化剂Fe/AC;然后,以具有良好导电性和较大3D活性表面的石墨毡作为阴极材料,构建非均相电-Fenton反应器,考察了该技术对水中苯酚的去除效果,探讨了催化剂用量、电流密度和电解液的初始pH对苯酚去除率的影响,通过循环实验,测定Fe/AC的催化性能和铁渗出量,进而考察了催化剂的稳定性和可重复使用性,并进一步研究了该去除过程的作用机理,以期为非均相电-Fenton技术处理实际废水提供参考。
以铁/活性炭为催化剂的非均相电-Fenton技术对水中苯酚的去除
Removal of phenol by heterogeneous electro-Fenton with iron/active carbon catalyst
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摘要: 以铁/活性炭(Fe/AC)作为催化剂,研究了非均相电-Fenton技术对水中苯酚的去除性能。采用等体积浸渍法制备了Fe/AC,利用BET、ICP-OES和XPS等分析方法对Fe/AC进行了表征。结果表明:3.94%的铁已成功负载在活性炭上;在催化剂用量为0.7 g·L−1、电流密度为9 mA·cm−2和电解液初始pH为5的条件下,在反应90 min后,苯酚和总有机碳(TOC)的去除率分别达到了95.94%和64.51%。此外,经过8次连续运行实验后,Fe/AC仍表现出优异的催化性能和低铁渗出率,这说明其具有良好的稳定性和可重复使用性。对使用Fe/AC催化剂的非均相电-Fenton技术去除水中苯酚的过程机理进行了讨论,提出了阴极原位生成H2O2、Fe/AC吸附苯酚并催化H2O2分解为·OH进而氧化苯酚的机理。以上结果表明,使用Fe/AC作为催化剂的非均相电-Fenton技术在实际废水处理领域具有较好的应用前景。Abstract: The performance of phenol removal by using the heterogeneous electro-Fenton with a Fe/active carbon catalyst was studied. The Fe/AC was prepared through the equal volume impregnation method and was characterized by BET, ICP-OES and XPS. The results demonstrated that the 3.94% Fe had been successfully loaded on the activated carbon. At the catalyst dosage of 0.7 g·L−1, current density of 9 mA·cm−2 and initial electrolyte pH 5, the removal efficiencies of phenol and total organic carbon (TOC) were 95.94% and 64.51%, respectively after 90 min reaction. After 8 consecutive cycles of experiments, Fe/AC still showed good catalytic performance and low iron leaching ratio, which indicated that Fe/AC exhibited good stability and reusability. A reasonable mechanism had been proposed to interpret the phenol removal process which included production of H2O2 at the cathode, phenol adsorption, H2O2 catalytic decomposition to ·OH by Fe/AC and oxidation of phenol. Thus, the heterogeneous electro-Fenton using Fe/AC catalyst has great application prospect in the field of actual wastewater treatment.
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Key words:
- Fe/AC /
- heterogeneous catalyst /
- electro-Fenton /
- phenol
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表 1 AC载体和Fe/AC催化剂的多孔结构和Fe负载量
Table 1. Porous structures and Fe loadings of the AC and Fe/AC catalyst
材料 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 孔体积/(cm3·g−1) Fe负载量/% AC 926.95 0.62 — Fe/AC 722.53 0.57 3.94 -
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