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根据活性微生物在污水中的生长条件和生长状态,生物处理技术分为悬浮生长工艺(活性污泥法)和附着生长工艺(生物膜法)[1]。在附着生长处理系统中,微生物(细菌、真菌、藻类、微型动物等)会借助水力动力和自凝聚作用黏附于载体(填料)上,形成微生物及其代谢产物所组成的膜状活性体系生物膜[2]。
生物膜特性直接决定水处理效果,研究者们采用各种参数来表征生物膜特性。常采用生物量(MLSS)、活性生物量(MLVSS)表征活性微生物数量。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)或共焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)揭示生物膜结构与形貌[3-4],可以看出,生物膜具有复杂的三维结构,由细胞团簇、孔道和胞外聚合物(EPS)组成。EPS是分布于细胞表面的高分子化合物,由微生物细胞代谢、自溶、脱落及进水基质组成,对维持生物膜结构完整性和代谢产物传质通道的畅通性起着至关重要的作用。根据EPS在生物膜中位置,可分为溶解性EPS(外层,S-EPS)、松散结合型EPS(中层,LB-EPS)和紧密结合型EPS(内层,TB-EPS)[5-6]。一些生化特性指标,如脱氢酶活性(DHA),也常用来表示生物膜微生物活性[7]。
微生物在载体表面快速、稳定地附着是生物膜法成功的基础。影响微生物附着的因素可归纳为微生物特性、载体特性、环境特性3个方面[8],其中生物载体是最基本的、也一直是生物膜领域的研究热点。有研究表明,载体类型[9]、比表面积[10]对附着在载体上的生物膜特性有显著影响。沸石拥有非常高的比表面积(2 000 m2·g−1),但其表面多数微孔环境(1~1.5 nm)难以被微生物利用,生物膜难以更新;高分子有机材料因其优越的物理结构、低廉的成本而广泛应用于污水处理,但表面化学特性(电荷性、生物亲和性等)较差,导致生物膜在形成速度、数量、紧密度等方面存在问题。载体尺寸与孔径大小同样对生物膜的数量、结构和活性有着较大的影响[11]。NGUYEN等[12]以不同尺寸海绵作为载体,在厌氧和好氧下进行挂膜实验,结果表明,中等尺寸(2 cm×2 cm×2 cm)拥有最佳的生物膜量和废水处理效果。AHMAD等[13]同样发现中等尺寸(15 mm)聚氨酯泡沫有利于维持好氧区与厌氧区之间的平衡。
在已有的报道中,对于载体表面物理结构和载体外尺寸研究较多,但对载体内部孔径及其生物膜特性研究很少。微孔孔径小的载体比表面积大,生物膜可附着面积多,但微孔中老化的生物膜难自行从孔隙中排出,会因堵塞而使内比表面积锐减,不能正常发挥应有净化作用[14]。适当扩大载体内部孔径有利于提高生物量与废水处理效率[15],但会增大水力剪切作用造成生物膜脱落,且不利于载体内部厌氧氨氧化反应[16]。因此,载体内部孔径过大、过小均不利生物膜生长与脱落,不利污水处理。载体内理想的微孔孔径不仅可以为生物膜附着和生长提供足够的空间,而且可促进微生物细胞与基质之间物质扩散和氧传递。本研究从生物膜生物量、EPS组分、DHA和生物膜结构等方面,考察了载体微孔孔径对生物膜特性的影响,分析了不同孔径载体废水处理效果,探索了载体内部微孔孔径与生物膜特性的相关性,以期为从内部微孔孔径角度合理选择与研发新型载体提供参考。
载体内微孔孔径对生物膜特性及废水处理效果的影响
Effect of carrier micropore diameter on biofilm characteristics and wastewater treatment performance
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摘要: 为解决载体內部微孔孔径在废水生物膜法中缺乏选型依据的问题,采用5种孔径(0.6~4 mm)聚氨酯海绵生物载体构建了SBBR,考察了载体内微孔孔径对生物膜特性(MLSS、EPS、DHA)及废水处理效果的影响,分析了载体内部微孔孔径与生物膜特性的相关性。结果表明:载体内微孔孔径与MLVSS、MLSS呈显著负相关,而与PN、PS、EPS和f呈显著正相关;高生物量使小孔径载体(0.6 mm,1 mm)在反应器运行前中期拥有最佳的废水处理效果,同时过多的生物膜在微孔环境中会堵塞内部的通道和空穴,进而抑制传质,使生物膜活性(DHA、f )降低;而大孔径载体(4 mm)内部传质快、水力剪切作用强,加速生物膜解吸脱落速率,促进了生物膜活性的提高与EPS(主要是TB-EPS)的释放,但同样限制了生物膜量的增长。相较而言,中等孔径载体(2 mm,3 mm)适宜的微孔不仅能维持适量的微生物量,还能保持良好的生物膜结构和活性,为生物膜反应器提供良好的长期运行条件和处理效果。Abstract: In order to improve the lack of selection basis of micropore size of the carrier of wastewater biofilm process, polyurethane sponge carrier with 5 micropore diameters (0.6~4 mm) were used to build five laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBR). The effect of the micropore diameter of the carrier on the biofilm characteristics (biomass, EPS and DHA) and wastewater treatment performance was investigated. The relationship between the micropore diameter of the carrier and the biofilm characteristics was analyzed. The results showed that the micropore diameter of the carrier was negatively correlated with MLVSS and MLSS, but positively correlated with PN, PS, EPS and f. During the early and middle periods of SBBR operation, high biomass led to the best wastewater treatment effect by the small-pore carrier (0.6 mm, 1 mm), and meanwhile too much biofilm blocked the internal channels and holes in the microporous environment, thus inhibited the mass transfer, and reduced the biofilm activity (DHA, f). However, for the large-pore carrier (4 mm), the mass transfer was fast and the hydraulic shear was strong, which accelerated the desorption and detaching rate of biofilm, promoted the biofilm activity and the EPS release (mainly TB-EPS), but limited the growth of biofilm biomass. Comparatively, the appropriate micropore in medium-pore carrier (2 mm, 3 mm) could not only maintain the appropriate microbial biomass, but also ensure an excellent biofilm structure and activity, providing good long-term operating conditions and treatment performance.
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表 1 各尺寸聚氨酯载体主要性能参数
Table 1. Main property parameters of polyurethane carriers with various sizes
载体类型 平均孔径/mm 孔隙率/% 表观密度/(g·cm−3) 空隙率/% 持水倍率 R1 0.6 98.4 33.2 83.0 17.7 R2 1.0 97.7 29.5 85.0 19.3 R3 2.0 97.1 26.4 88.0 21.9 R4 3.0 96.3 24.7 94.0 22.5 R5 4.0 95.6 24.3 97.0 23.7 -
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