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人工湿地(constructed wetland, CWs)被认为是一种环境友好、操作灵活且具有成本效益的污水处理技术,其适用于多种类型的污废水处理,尤其是在中小型社区[1-4]。CWs利用系统中植物、填料和微生物之间的物理、化学、生物三重协同作用对污水进行高效净化[5-6]。传统CWs对有机物和悬浮物的去除效果较好,但对总氮(TN)的去除率较低,仅约30%~55%[7-9]。CWs中的氮可通过植物吸收、填料吸附、氨(NH3-N)挥发以及微生物转化等作用去除,其中,超过50%(60%~95%)的氮去除是通过微生物硝化-反硝化作用实现的[6,10-11]。但传统CWs复氧能力较差,导致硝化作用不充分,使得硝化成为湿地脱氮的限制步骤[9,12]。湿地内部溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)主要来源于污水中的DO、大气表面复氧和植物根系泌氧作用,但由于湿地长期处于淹水状态,湿地填料表层的好氧区深度一般小于1 cm[7],植物根系泌氧所形成的好氧微环境只存在于根系周围约1 mm范围内[13],通常污水中DO浓度也较低,因此,传统人工湿地的复氧能力较差。
为强化人工湿地的硝化作用,可采取人工曝气(连续曝气或间歇曝气)、组合人工湿地系统、间歇进水、多点进水、出水回流、折流流动、虹吸补氧、太阳能曝气、跌水曝气或者自然通风曝气等措施。上述方式在一定程度上均可提高湿地系统内部DO含量进而强化其硝化作用,其中,相较于人工曝气或控制CW内水流流动方式,自然通风曝气其操作管理更为简单方便且几乎无需外加能耗,经济效益更为显著,也更适于农村以及偏远地区生活污水处理。LEE等[14]构建了垂直-水平流组合CW系统,前置垂直流CW系统内部埋设有通风管,太阳能和风能作为能量来源驱动电动风扇通过通风管为前置垂直流CW通风曝气,后置垂直流CW系统无通风曝气,结果显示,前置垂直流CW系统出水DO高达(6.97±1.3) mg·L−1、后置水平流CW系统出水DO为(1.61±0.23) mg·L−1、组合CW系统的TN去除率平均提高了16.6%。朱国平等[15]提出了一种人工湿地无动力充氧装置,在实施中将其用于处理农村生活污水,其中,好氧湿地槽内设置有拔风管,通过湿地内外的温度差、主要管道端口的高度差和烟囱效应的共同作用,实现空气自下而上的自由流通,而空气流通过程中通过装置上的空气扩散孔结合空气在湿地内部的扩散势能实现空气在湿地内部的流通、扩散,利用该无动力充氧装置可使好氧湿地槽中始终保持DO浓度为1.5~2.0 mg·L−1,充氧效果明显;好氧湿地槽出水再流经厌氧湿地槽,厌氧湿地槽中不设置拔风管,整体维持兼氧、厌氧条件,污水经上述系统处理后,出水指标优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。POZO-MORALES等[16]在水平潜流人工湿地系统内部设置了由通风井和通风烟筒构成的推流式强制自然通风回路,依靠水流推流式流动和对外部空气的抽吸作用,可实现系统内部良好的通风效果,该系统的进水有机负荷是传统CW系统的4倍,有机物去除效果良好。
综上所述,采用自然通风可有效提高CW系统内部DO浓度,进而强化其污染物去除效果。但是,目前关于自然通风型CW系统的研究较为初步,主要集中在系统出水DO浓度值及对污染物的最终去除效果方面,系统内部溶解氧输移扩散变化规律尚不清楚,且还未有关于风速与CWs中氧传质速率以及污染物(有机物、氮、磷)的去除效果之间关系的定量研究。而研究自然通风条件对CW系统内部DO输移扩散变化的影响规律,可通过控制通风条件改善基质内部不同深度上的氧化还原状态,从而调节微生物种群的分布,进而控制污染物的形态转化与去除,这对于进一步提高CW系统的污染物去除效果意义重大。
基于此,本研究主要解析了自然通风型CWs系统内部溶解氧输移扩散变化规律以及污染物浓度和去除率在系统内部的沿程变化;考察了风速与氧传质速率以及有机物、氮、磷去除负荷之间的定量关系,以期为自然通风型CWs系统的设计和运行提供参考。
风速对自然通风型人工湿地氧传质速率及污染物去除效果的影响
Effects of wind speed on the oxygen transfer and pollutants removal in naturally ventilated constructed wetlands
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摘要: 系统地研究了拔风管式自然通风型人工湿地(naturally-ventilated constructed wetland, CWNV)在不同风速(u≤4.0 m·s−1)条件下的氧传质速率(oxygen transfer rate, OTR)以及对有机物、氮、磷的去除效果。结果表明,外部空气可通过拔风管上的孔口有效地扩散并溶解到湿地内部。与无通风CW系统(CW0)相比,CWNV内部OTR(61.38~78.30 g·(m3·d)−1)较CW0高出19.3%~33.5%,从而强化了CWNV中氨化、硝化和有机物好氧降解等过程。CWNV内NH3-N和COD的去除负荷分别为2.84~4.57 g·(m3·d)−1和45.0~56.6 g·(m3·d)−1,较CW0分别提高了90.5%~119.6%和11.9%~23.2%。CWNV出水中硝酸盐浓度为1.10~10.39 mg·L−1,而CW0出水中硝酸盐浓度仅为0.41~0.91 mg·L−1。在适宜的风速条件下,湿地中可同时存在好氧与缺氧/厌氧环境,这既利于硝化作用又利于反硝化作用,从而可使湿地获得较好的TN去除效果。当风速u≤1.0 m·s−1时,CWNV系统中TN去除负荷6.70~6.77 g·(m3·d)−1,较CW0系统高出17.2%~23.1%。但是,自然通风对于TP去除效果的提高十分有限,仅能提高2.4%~4.8%的TP去除率。此外,CWNV系统中风速与OTR、COD、NH3-N和TN的去除负荷及其降解速率常数之间的关系符合二次方程。Abstract: The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and removal of organics, nitrogen, phosphorus in a naturally-ventilated constructed wetland (CWNV) installed with an air duct system at different wind speed (u≤4.0 m·s−1) was systematically investigated. Results showed that the external air could effectively diffuse and dissolve into the wetland interior through the bores on air ducts. Compared to a non-ventilated CW (CW0), OTR in CWNV (61.38~78.30 g·(m3·d)−1) increased by 19.3%~33.5%, and thus the processes of ammonification, nitrification and aerobic degradation of organics in CWNV were enhanced. The removal loads of NH3-N and COD in CWNV were 2.84~4.57 g·(m3·d)−1 and 45.0~56.6 g·(m3·d)−1, respectively, they were higher than those in CW0 by 90.5%~119.6% and 11.9%~23.2%, respectively. The effluent nitrate concentration was 1.10~10.39 mg·L−1 in CWNV, while it was only 0.41~0.91 mg·L−1 in CW0. Under moderate wind speed conditions, aerobic and anoxic/anaerobic zones simultaneously existed in CWNV, which was beneficial to both nitrification and denitrification, so that higher TN removal occurred than CW0. When the wind speed was ≤1.0 m·s−1, the TN removal load in CWNV was 6.70~6.77 g·(m3·d)−1 with 17.2%~23.1% higher than that in CW0. However, the improvement in TP removal efficiency through natural ventilation was limited with only 2.4%~4.8%. The relationships between wind speed and OTR, removal loads or degradation rate constants of COD, NH3-N and TN in CWNV conformed to quadratic equations.
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Key words:
- constructed wetland /
- natural ventilation /
- nitrogen /
- oxygen transfer /
- organics /
- phosphorus
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表 1 在不同风速条件下CW0和CWNV系统中氧传质速率
Table 1. Oxygen transfer rate in CW0 and CWNV at different wind speed
湿地系统 不同风速下的氧传质速率/(g·(m3·d)−1) 0 m·s−1 1 m·s−1 2 m·s−1 3 m·s−1 4 m·s−1 CW0系统 51.44±0.60 53.60±0.99 55.78±0.76 56.45±0.91 59.14±0.82 CWNV系统 61.38±1.15 67.39±0.88 72.75±0.92 75.35±0.42 78.30±0.71 表 2 风速与CWNV中氧传质速率、污染物(COD、NH3-N、TN)去除效果关系模型验证(n=3)
Table 2. Model verification of the relationship between wind speed and oxygen transfer rate, removal of COD, NH3-N and TN in CWNV (n=3)
风速/
(m·s−1)出水DO浓度/ (mg·L−1) 氧传质速率/(g·(m3·d)−1) COD去除负荷/(g·(m3·d)−1) COD降解速率常数/d−1 实测值 预测值 实测值 预测值 实测值 预测值 实测值 预测值 3.5 2.92 2.90 76.63 76.95 55.43 56.14 1.592 1.603 4.5 3.20 3.17 79.98 78.90 57.03 56.72 1.668 1.663 风速/
(m·s−1)NH3-N去除负荷/(g·(m3·d)−1) NH3-N降解速率常数/d−1 TN去除负荷/(g·(m3·d)−1) TN降解速率常数/d−1 实测值 预测值 实测值 预测值 实测值 预测值 实测值 预测值 3.5 4.38 4.43 0.695 0.701 5.39 5.34 0.477 0.486 4.5 4.68 4.60 0.766 0.751 5.33 5.19 0.471 0.482 -
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