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随着畜禽养殖数量的激增,畜禽养殖场对抗生素的需求大幅增加。VAN BOECKEL等[1]调查发现大量抗生素在畜牧行业中被使用,比例约为73%。2013年,我国畜牧行业共使用了162 000 t抗生素。其中,84 240 t用于动物饲养活动。然而,抗生素进入动物体内后只能少部分吸收代谢,仍有大量抗生素通过排泄物进入环境中。通过长期的积累与环境选择性压力的不断诱导,畜禽养殖场中会产生大量抗生素抗性基因 (ARGs) 及耐药性细菌 (ARB,antibiotic resistance bacteria) [2],导致养殖场成为了ARGs携带菌的热点场所。
猪粪和鸡粪中均存在大量的ARGs产生和传播[3-5],而粪便中的ARGs还可通过气溶胶化进入空气中[6]。空气中的微生物气溶胶和细颗粒物是携带ARGs的耐药菌从牲畜向人类传播的主要途径之一[7-8]。一旦空气中携带ARGs的致病菌被人体吸入,将对人群健康产生影响。ARGs可通过包括质粒、整合子、转座子和噬菌体在内的可移动遗传元件 (mobile genetic elements,MGEs) 在同种属或不同种属之间进行水平转移 (horizontal gene transfer,HGT) ,并且可能转移到致病菌 (如肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌) 中,进而严重威胁人群健康[9]。因此,HGT可能会对整体抗性情况产生深远影响。ARGs可通过生物气溶胶进入环境中并进行远距离传播[10]。荷兰科学家研究发现,来自养殖场的ARB可能导致周围半径3 km内的居民暴露[11]。目前,ARGs在地表水和土壤2种常见介质中的传播已被充分研究[10, 12-13],而极少有研究关注畜禽养殖场空气中的ARGs分布特征。
本课题组选取陕西省渭南市规模化养殖的养鸡场和养猪场为研究对象,探究畜禽养殖场中气载ARGs的分布情况、不同类型 (鸡场和猪场) 的养殖场中气载ARGs的污染特征、养殖场中气载ARGs的季节性 (冬季和夏季) 变化,从而分析养殖场中气载ARGs与环境因素的相关性,以期为控制我国畜禽养殖场中气载ARGs污染的传播与防控提供参考,为空气环境生态风险评估提供依据。
不同畜禽养殖场中气载抗生素抗性基因的污染特征与季节性变化
Pollution characteristics and seasonal variation of airborne antibiotic resistance genes in different livestock farms
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摘要: 由于大量的抗生素被用于畜禽养殖行业,畜禽养殖场中的抗生素抗性基因 (ARGs,Antibiotic resistance genes) 问题正逐渐变得严重。为调查畜禽养殖场中气载ARGs的污染特征及季节性变化,分别在冬季和夏季采集陕西省渭南市养猪场和养鸡场的空气和粪便样品,分析不同种类气载ARGs的污染水平及ARGs与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:畜禽养殖场空气中主要检出的ARGs类型为万古霉素类抗性基因、MLSB类抗性基因、四环素类抗性基因、FCA类抗性基因;在不同类型养殖场中气载ARGs总浓度趋势为养鸡场>养猪场,且养鸡场中每种ARGs浓度比养猪场中高约2个数量级;在不同季节养殖场中,气载ARGs总浓度趋势为冬季>夏季,且每种ARGs在冬季均高于夏季2~3个数量级。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,养殖场中气载ARGs总浓度与PM2.5呈显著相关 (P<0.05) ,与其他环境因子无显著相关性。本研究成果可为控制畜禽养殖场中气载ARGs污染的传播及防控提供参考。Abstract: In recent years, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock farms have attracted widespread attention due to the massive use of antibiotics. In this study, in order to investigate the pollution characteristics and seasonal changes of airborne ARGs in livestock farms, air and fecal samples were collected from pig farms and chicken farms in Weinan, Shaanxi Province in winter and summer, respectively. The pollution levels of airborne ARGs and the correlation between ARGs and environmental factors in all samples were analyzed. The results showed that the main types of airborne ARGs detected in livestock farms were vancomycin resistance genes, MLSB resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes and FCA resistance genes. The total concentration of airborne ARGs in different types of farms was higher in chicken farms than in pig farms, and the concentration of ARGs in chicken farms was about 2 orders of magnitude higher than that in pig farms. The total concentration trend of airborne ARGs in different seasons was: winter > summer, and the concentration of ARGs in winter was 2~3 orders of magnitude higher than that in summer. In addition, pearson correlation analysis showed that the total concentration of ARGs in air was positive correlated with PM2.5 (P<0.05), but had no significant correlation with other environmental factors.
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表 1 样品信息
Table 1. Information of the samples
样品编号 季节 养殖场类型 样品类型 WPA 冬季 猪场 空气 SPA 夏季 猪场 空气 WCA 冬季 鸡场 空气 SCA 夏季 鸡场 空气 WPF 冬季 猪场 粪便 SPF 夏季 猪场 粪便 WCF 冬季 鸡场 粪便 SCF 夏季 鸡场 粪便 表 2 鸡场和猪场在冬、夏季环境监测数据
Table 2. Environmental monitoring data of chicken farm and pig farm in winter and summer
样品编号 温度/ ℃ 湿度 风速/(m·s−1) PM2.5/(μg·m−3) CAS 29.97±1.57 98.07%±3.45% 0.01±0.01 99.16±39.05 CAW 7.70±1.25 94.83%±4.10% 0.00±0.00 588.93±160.72 PAS 31.16±1.27 86.07%±19.56% 0.01±0.01 112.20±29.49 PAW 6.2±0.95 87.50%±18.54% 0.00±0.00 437.67±170.46 表 3 ARGs与MGEs线性拟合方程
Table 3. Linear fitting equation of ARGs and MGEs
y x 相关系数 线性方程 ΣMGEs Pbp5 0.991* y=0.05x−9.58 (R2=0.999 8) ΣMGEs mexA 0.987* y=0.01x+1.20×102 (R2=0.994 1) ΣARGs Pbp5 0.996* y=113.33x−1.84×105 (R2=0.997 1) ΣARGs VanC2/VanC3 0.998* y=66.27x−2.55×105 (R2=0.990 7) -
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