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据报道,2050年全球塑料行业产量将达到330×109 t[1],而原生或次生的MPs早已被发现广泛存在于在地表水、地下水、土壤和生物体中[2],成为塑料生产和使用衍生的重要环境问题。这些具有粒径小、比表面积大等特点的MPs[3],极易在环境中吸附和累积污染物[4],对生态环境及生物体健康产生威胁。有研究[5-7]表明,MPs在迁移过程中会受酸碱侵蚀、氧化作用等环境因素发生老化,表面粗糙度和比表面积增大,表面含氧官能团和吸附位点增加,从而表现出对有机污染物更强的吸附能力,间接引发更大的生态环境风险。
随着我国多轮“限塑令”的下达,可降解塑料产业迎来了井喷式发展阶段。以PGA为代表,一些原先可降解材料中的“贵族”,已蜂拥成为各地产业转型布局中的备选[8]。作为降解最快的脂肪族聚酯类高分子材料,PGA主要应用于高端医学植入,因其良好的生物相容性,最终可以在人体中降解成无毒无害的乙醇酸[9]。近年来,PGA也开始以农用薄膜、包装材料等形式,逐渐在民用领域有所应用。可降解塑料虽然最终会被完全降解,但由于其自身易降解的特点,环境迁移中的老化过程会有所加快,一定程度可能会比传统塑料具有更大的环境风险。范秀磊等[10]研究表明,脂肪族聚酯类高分子材料聚乳酸(poly lactic acid,PLA)作为可降解塑料,老化后对磺胺甲恶唑的最大吸附量(14.7 mg·g−1)是老化前(1.63 mg·g−1)的9.02倍,而不可降解塑料聚乙烯(poly ethylene,PE)老化后对磺胺甲恶唑的最大吸附量(5.20 mg·g−1)仅为老化前的3.01倍。因此,对于PGA等产量即将攀升的新型可降解材料,有必要进行相关的前期环境风险研究。
以TCH作为典型代表的四环素类抗生素是世界上生产和使用数量第二多的抗生素,在临床医疗和畜牧业中被广泛使用[11]。大量残留在水体、土壤等介质中的TCH可能被MPs吸附,带来更大的生态毒性[12],目前关于环境中MPs对抗生素类污染物的吸附研究主要集中于典型的不可降解MPs上,而对于正处于市场培育阶段的可降解PGA更为稀缺。
本研究采用微米级PGA颗粒作为目标MPs,TCH作为目标污染物,通过SEM、FT-IR、XPS、接触角表征以及吸附动力学、吸附等温线实验,探究了老化对PGA-MPs吸附TCH性能的影响。研究结果可为进一步探究PGA作为污染物载体具有的环境风险提供参考,同时有助于丰富和完善可降解MPs环境风险研究的基础数据。
可降解聚乙醇酸微塑料老化前后对盐酸四环素的吸附性能
Adsorption behavior of tetracycline hydrochloride on biodegradable poly glycolic acid microplastics before and after aging
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摘要: 聚乙醇酸(poly glycolic acid,PGA)因其良好的降解性能会加快其老化过程,可能比传统塑料具有更大的环境风险,因此,评估PGA在环境迁移中对污染物的载体效应尤为重要。选用PGA颗粒微塑料(microplastics,MPs)为研究对象,盐酸四环素(tetracycline hydrochloride,TCH)为代表性污染物,探究老化过程对PGA吸附TCH行为的影响。结果表明:PGA在经过15 d H2O2和H2SO4老化后,表面均变得粗糙,比表面积由0.017 m2·g−1分别增至0.327 m2·g−1和0.467 m2·g−1,官能团含量分别增加了1.89%和3.49%,接触角由83.19°分别降至81.58°和50.07°。吸附动力学均符合伪二级动力学模型,吸附等温线均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。老化后PGA对TCH的吸附量均高于老化前,PGA-H2O2和PGA-H2SO4最大表观吸附量分别为0.617 mg·g−1和0.686 mg·g−1,是PGA老化前的1.05倍和1.17倍。Abstract: The good degradation performance of Poly glycolic acid (PGA) can accelerate its aging process, which poses greater environmental risks than traditional plastics. Therefore, it is particularly important to evaluate the carrier effect of PGA on pollutants during its environmental migration. In this study, MP (Microplastic, MP ) of PGA particles was selected as the research object, and Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) was selected as the representative pollutant to explore the influence of aging process on the adsorption behavior of PGA. The results showed that the surface of PGA became rough after 15 d H2O2 or H2SO4 aging treatment, and the specific surface areas increased from 0.017 m2·g−1 to 0.327 with 0.467 m2·g−1, the function groups increased by 1.89% and 3.49%, the contact angles decreased from 83.19° to 81.58° and 50.07°, respectively. The adsorption kinetics all fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherms all fitted the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption capacity of PGA to TCH after aging was higher than before. The maximum apparent adsorption capacities of PGA-H2O2 and PGA-H2SO4 could reach 0.617 and 0.686 mg·g−1, which was 1.05 and 1.17 times that of PGA before aging, respectively.
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Key words:
- biodegradable microplastics /
- polyglycolic acid /
- adsorption /
- tetracycline hydrochloride
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表 1 PGA及TCH的理化性质
Table 1. The physico-chemical properties of PGA and TCH
化合物 简写 化学式 相对分子质量/Da 密度/(g·cm−3) 熔点/℃ 玻璃转化温度/℃ logP 水溶性 结晶度 聚乙醇酸 PGA (C2H4O3)n 1×104~100×104 1.30 220~240 35~40 — 82.79° 40~80 盐酸四环素 TCH C22H25N2O8Cl 480.9 1.13~1.35 220~223 — 1.288 50 g·L-1 — 表 2 PGA老化前后对TCH的吸附等温线参数
Table 2. Adsorption isotherm parameters of TCH on microplastics before and after aging
吸附剂 Herry模型 Freundlich模型 Langmuir模型 Kh/(L·g−1) R2 Kf/(L·mg−1) 1/n R2 K2/((mg·g−1)·(L·mg−1)1/n) Qmax/(mg·g−1) R2 PGA 0.026 0.807 0.108 0.431 0.916 0.128 0.585 0.952 PGA-H2O2 0.028 0.844 0.115 0.473 0.954 0.106 0.617 0.974 PGA-H2SO4 0.029 0.848 0.120 0.493 0.905 0.099 0.686 0.941 表 3 不同类型的微塑料对抗生素的吸附
Table 3. Adsorption of antibiotics by different types of microplastics
微塑料种类
有机污染物 微塑料粒径/
μmQmax/
(mg·g−1)吸附速率/
(g·(mg·h)−1)参考文献 聚氯乙烯(PVC)
(疏水)泰乐菌素(疏水) 74 3.33 0.010 [30] 土霉素(疏水) 450~1000 27.5 — [7] 环丙沙星(疏水) 135.9 1.86 — [31] 聚乙烯(PE)
(疏水)磺胺甲恶唑(疏水) 160.37 5.20 2.352 [11] 阿莫西林(亲水) 160.37 4.98 0.918 [11] 泰乐菌素(疏水) 74 1.67 0.010 [30] 头孢菌素C(亲水) 500~1000 0.72 1.000 [32] 聚丙烯(PP)
(疏水)盐酸环丙沙星(亲水) 74 5.46 1.720 [23] 泰乐菌素(疏水) 74 3.33 0.010 [30] 聚苯乙烯(PS)
(疏水)盐酸环丙沙星(亲水) 74 6.19 1.220 [23] 泰乐菌素(疏水) 74 3.33 0.010 [30] 头孢菌素C(亲水) 500-1000 0.71 0.100 [32] 聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)
(疏水)四环素(疏水) 100-150 3.62 0.437 [14] 聚酰胺(PA)
(亲水)盐酸环丙沙星(亲水) 74 7.46 1.350 [23] 环丙沙星(疏水) 164.7 1.85 — [31] 聚乳酸(PLA)
(疏水)四环素(疏水) 100-150 2.29 0.178 [14] 磺胺甲恶唑(疏水) 613.55 14.70 0.540 [11] 阿莫西林(亲水) 613.55 10.40 0.348 [11] 聚乙醇酸(PGA)
(亲水)盐酸四环素(亲水) 500 0.617 5.133 — 500 0.686 8.361 — -
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