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我国是全球最大的锰资源消耗和进口国,截至2020年,我国约有矿床230座,锰矿石探明储量约2.1×109 t[1]。自2017年以来,诸多中小锰矿区纷纷停产、停业,遗留了大量锰尾矿渣[2],经侵蚀、风化和自然雨水淋溶后,尾矿渣中所含重金属元素进入周边的地表水、地下水、土壤等,造成大范围的植被破坏和水土流失,对矿区周边的生态环境和人畜健康造成严重的危害[3-4]。植物修复作为一种绿色原位土壤修复技术,通过植物根系吸收、挥发、转化、固定或降解重金属和有机污染物,具有成本低、效果好、生态学价值高等特点,已逐步成为修复重金属污染场地的重要手段之一[5-6]。
锰矿植物修复研究主要涉及两类植物,一类是以草本居多的超富集植物:如商陆(Phytolacca americana)[7]、莎草(Cyperus rotundus)[8]和铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)[9]等,另一类是以木本为主的耐性或抗性植物,这类植物对重金属的富集虽不及超富集植物,但对污染物具有很强的耐受性或抗性,代表植物有夹竹桃(Nerium oleander)、栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)和泡桐(Paulownia tomentosa)等[10]。目前发现的锰的超富集植物大多数是草本植物,存在个体矮小、生物量小和生长周期短等缺陷,重金属富集的总量少,对水土的保持能力弱,在大规模工程应用中有较大的局限性。木本植物生物量大、生长速度快、生长周期长,并且具有发达的根系网络,能快速、高效地恢复地表的植被覆盖,减少水土流失,在吸收、积累重金属的同时还能在一定程度上钝化、固定重金属,尤其适用于较大矿区的重金属污染治理与生态恢复工程[11-12]。
锰矿渣颗粒较细、结构松散、透气性和持水性能差,养分也极易流失,普通植物很难在尾矿中生存[13-14]。本实验室前期进行了大量木本植物和改良剂的筛选工作,发现栾树和凹凸棒+蘑菇渣复合改良剂用于修复锰尾矿重金属污染具有明显优势[15]。目前,对栾树等耐性植物的相关研究主要集中在植物自身对重金属的生理响应机制[16-18],而对根际环境的影响机制研究很少。根际是植物-土壤-微生物进行物质交换和信息传递的热区,根际土壤性质和微生物是影响植物修复效果的2个重要因素[19]。土壤肥力和其他理化性质对于植物的生长起到决定性的作用,土壤微生物可通过自身的解毒机制降低重金属的毒性,一方面促进根系分泌物对重金属的生物固化,改善土壤微环境、优化植物根际并提高重金属的可利用度,另一方面微生物通过分泌铁载体、有机酸等物质促进植株的生长发育,提高金属耐受性和吸收量[20-21]。
鉴此,本研究以湖南省某锰尾矿区矿渣作为基质,以栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)为供试植物,以有机蘑菇渣(spent mushroom compost, SMC)与无机凹凸棒粉(attapulgite, ATP)为改良材料,构建中试模拟矿山实验装置,探究改良矿渣下栾树对锰矿渣的植物修复效果和根际微环境响应,旨在为锰尾矿区的生态修复提供科学数据和技术经验。
施用改良剂和种植栾树对锰矿渣微生物群落的影响
Effects of modifier application and Koelreuteria Paniculata planting on the microbial community of a manganese slag
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摘要: 施用改良剂可降低矿区重金属污染对植物的胁迫,但其对根际环境的影响机制尚不明晰。以栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)为供试植物、以某锰尾矿区矿渣为基质,比较CK(100%矿渣)、S0(90%矿渣+5%蘑菇渣+5%凹凸棒)和S1(90%矿渣+5%蘑菇渣+5%凹凸棒,种植栾树)等3个处理重金属赋存状态和微生物多样性等的差异,探究施用改良剂和种植栾树等对矿渣中重金属拦截效果的影响。结果表明,施用改良剂(即蘑菇渣和凹凸棒)提高了矿渣pH,增强了其肥力和持水性;而种植栾树可降低重金属的生物有效性,Mn、Pb、Zn的残渣态比例显著提升,较S0分别提升了5.73%、13.5%和6.47%,较CK分别提升了4.98%、12.8%和6.01%。实验前、后各基质中Mn、Pb、Zn随雨水径流的流失量差异显著,表现为S1<S0<CK。种植栾树和施用改良剂对矿渣微生物群落结构影响巨大,其中S0和S1处理细菌α多样性差异较小,而真菌差异显著。与CK和S0相比,S1处理拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰富显著增加,腐生和富养菌等有益菌的相对丰度和多样性提升明显,有利于保持土壤肥力和促进栾树生长,提高其抗逆性和修复效率。Abstract: The application of amendments can reduce the stress of heavy metal pollution on plants in mining areas, but the mechanism of its impact on the rhizosphere environment is still unclear. In this study, Koelreuteria paniculata was taken as the test plant and a manganese tailings slag was taken as the substrate, the differences in the occurrence status and microbial diversity of heavy metals in CK (100% slag), S0 (90% slag+5% spent mushroom slag+5% attapulgite), and S1 (90% slag+5% mushroom slag+5% attapulgite, planting Koelreuteria paniculata trees) were compared, and the effects of application of modifiers and planting Luan tree on the interception of heavy metals in slag were explored. The results showed that the application of modifiers (i.e. mushroom residue and attapulgite) increased the pH of the slag, enhanced its fertility and water holding capacity. Planting Koelreuteria paniculata trees could reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals, and significantly increased the residual proportions of Mn, Pb, and Zn, which were 5.73%, 13.5%, and 6.47% higher than S0, and 4.98%, 12.8%, and 6.01% higher than CK, respectively. A significant difference occurred in the amount of Mn, Pb, and Zn loss with rainwater runoff in each substrate before and after the experiment, and the corresponding order was S1<S0<CK. PlantingKoelreuteria paniculata trees and applying amendments had a significant impact on the microbial community structure of slag, and slight difference occurred in bacteria between S0 and S1 treatments, while the significant differences appeared in fungal α diversity. Compared with CK and S0, S1 treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Acidobacteria, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, as well as the relative abundance and diversity of beneficial bacteria such as saprophytic and eutrophic bacteria, which was conducive to maintaining soil fertility and promoting the growth of Koelreuteria paniculata trees, improving their stress resistance and repair efficiency.
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Key words:
- woody plants /
- phytoremediation /
- modifiers /
- Mn slag /
- microbial diversity
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表 1 蘑菇渣的化学特征
Table 1. Chemical characteristics of spent mushroom compost
pH 有机质/% TN/(g·kg−1) TP/(g·kg−1) TK/(g·kg−1) 重金属质量分数/(mg·kg−1) Mn Pb Zn Cu Cd 7.25±0.01 52.32±0.25 6.36±0.02 3.05±0.03 8.36±0.01 532±6.22 29±0.61 169±2.42 25±0.28 0.41±0.01 表 2 实验前后各基质的基本理化性质差异
Table 2. Basic physicochemical properties of each substrate
处理组 pH 含水率/% 容重/(g·cm−3) 孔隙率/% TP/(g·kg−1) TN/(g·kg−1) TK/(g·kg−1) 有机质/% CEC/(cmol·kg−1) CKb 7.46±0.02a 25.33±1.22a 1.57±0.04a 40.82±1.26b 0.33±0.003a 0.16±0.01a 10.07±0.02a 2.03±0.01a 17.99±0.69a CKa 7.38±0.02b 15.55±0.54b 1.50±0.02b 43.23±0.49a 0.32±0.001a 0.14±0.01b 8.47±0.06b 1.99±0.01b 17.65±0.30a S0b 7.62±0.02a 35.02±1.23a 1.34±0.04a 49.66±1.49a 0.45±0.003a 0.47±0.01a 9.82±0.09a 4.58±0.06a 25.69±0.28a S0a 7.55±0.01b 21.06±1.14b 1.27±0.02a 52.00±0.66a 0.25±0.010b 0.33±0.01b 8.60±0.08b 4.33±0.07b 22.43±0.36b S1b 7.62±0.03b 34.68±1.15a 1.34±0.01a 49.33±0.34b 0.44±0.010a 0.47±0.01a 9.82±0.05a 4.52±0.03a 25.67±0.15b S1a 7.74±0.01a 28.40±1.32b 1.22±0.02b 54.01±0.60a 0.35±0.006b 0.30±0.01b 8.00±0.10b 3.87±0.07b 26.45±0.44a 表 3 各基质重金属质量分数
Table 3. Content of heavy metal of each substrate
重金属 项目 重金属质量分数/(mg·kg−1) CK S0 S1 Mn 实验前 10 910±194.7a 9 448±34.2a 9 453±28.0a 实验后 8 422±12.1b 7 528±20.1b 8 849±34.0b Pb 实验前 3 340±39.2a 3 029±21.4a 3 053±28.5a 实验后 2 612±4.5b 2 320±5.0b 2 738±24.0b Zn 实验前 4 239±13.1a 3 822±6.8a 3 830±13.6a 实验后 3 247±35.6b 3 050±21.2b 3 428±33.4b Cu 实验前 143±3.2a 134±2.1a 135±1.1a 实验后 134±2.2b 124±1.4b 125±2.4b Cd 实验前 34.27±0.40a 30.07±0.15a 29.60±0.26a 实验后 30.50±1.28b 22.93±0.06b 25.27±0.04b 注:同种重金属实验前后不同字母表示不同处理下基质重金属质量分数显著差异(P<0.05)。 表 4 栾树根、茎、叶中的重金属含量
Table 4. Heavy metal content in roots stems, and leaves of Koelreuteria Paniculata
重金属 重金属质量分数/(mg·kg−1) 根 茎 叶 Mn 922.3±16.8 357.5±33.7 1 116.5±2.8 Pb 10.3±0.1 1.3±0.1 163.4±9.8 Zn 295.7±20.2 237.5±6.5 234.6±0.6 Cu 27.0±1.5 7.4±0.4 16.9±0.3 Cd 0.55±0.13 0.61±0.04 0.81±0.03 表 5 各处理基质中重金属占比
Table 5. Distribution of heavy metal of each substrate
重金属 处理组 重金属占比/% 基质留存量 植物吸收量 径流流失量 Mn CK 77.216±1.50c — 22.784±1.50a S0 79.686±0.50b — 20.314±0.50b S1 93.608±0.60a 0.004±0.00 16.495±0.59c Pb CK 78.213±1.01b — 21.786±1.01a S0 76.589±0.40b — 23.411±0.40a S1 89.691±1.62a 0.001±0.00 10.308±1.62b Zn CK 76.586±1.02c — 23.414±1.02a S0 79.814±0.69b — 20.186±0.69b S1 89.487±0.73a 0.003±0.00 10.510±0.73c Cu CK 93.503±1.35a — 6.497±1.35a S0 92.324±1.76a — 7.676±1.76a S1 92.809±1.93a 0.006±0.00 7.394±1.93a Cd CK 88.949±3.05a — 11.051±3.05b S0 76.331±0.60b — 23.669±0.60a S1 85.372±2.07a 0.026±0.00 14.625±2.07b 注:同列不同字母表示不同处理下该种重金属总量显著差异(P<0.05);利用实验前、后各基质中Mn、Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的含量和基质容重分别求得实验前、后重金属的总量,相减得到各装置中损失的重金属的量(主要包括植物吸收量和径流流失量),实验后装置中重金属总量记为基质留存量。S1处理中栾树对不同重金属的吸收总量由根、茎、叶各部分的干重及其重金属含量求得,径流流失量(重金属随表流和潜流雨水的流失总量)利用实验前基质重金属总量减去植物吸收量和基质留存量求得,所有数据均利用百分比进行归一化处理。 表 6 土壤微生物群落α多样性指数
Table 6. α diversity index of soil bacterial community
微生物 处理组 chao1指数 goods_coverage指数 observed_species指数 Simpson指数 细菌 CK 3 890.44±561.08b 0.982 0±0.002 4a 2 860.30±468.34b 0.967±0.034 8a S0 6 353.55±458.40a 0.969 9±0.002 4b 4 816.40±387.44a 0.995±0.000 2a S1 6 845.26±372.30a 0.966 7±0.001 2b 5 057.53±486.56a 0.995±0.000 8a 真菌 CK 380.34±30.25b 0.999 39±0.000 22a 338.30±41.05a 0.88±0.06a S0 326.59±59.23b 0.998 84±0.000 23b 224.27±39.14b 0.67±0.12b S1 477.47±31.41a 0.99859±0.000 01b 392.03±37.15a 0.77±0.07a -
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