摘要:
为有效控制防污漆中杀生物活性物质给海洋环境带来的不利影响,亟需开展活性物质的环境风险评估研究,为筛选环境友好型活性物质提供依据。以25种国产防污漆中的铜为评估对象,采用防污漆活性物质环境风险评估的针对性方法,分步进行暴露评估、危害性评估和风险表征。暴露评估采用海洋防污剂预测环境浓度模型(MAMPEC)中的港口、码头和开阔海域等典型暴露场景;危害性评估基于铜对淡水和海水水生生物的慢性毒性数据,采用物种敏感度分布法和评估因子法;风险表征采用熵值法。结果表明,铜对全部水生生物和海水生物的预测无效应浓度分别为2.8和2.3 μg·L-1,藻类对铜最为敏感。除1种配方外,其余24种防污漆配方中铜的风险熵均小于1,可判定铜为"相对低风险"类活性物质,使用上述防污漆时铜对生态环境造成的风险较小。铜在不同暴露场景中的环境风险分析表明其对水流交换较弱海域的码头造成的风险最大,其次是默认港口和码头,对于公海造成的风险最小。根据现有的评估结果,设计含铜型防污漆配方时,应使铜的释放速率不大于33.5 µg·cm-2·d-1,以避免对较封闭海域的生态环境造成不可忽视的风险。
Abstract:
In order to efficiently control the adverse effects of the biocidally active substances in antifouling paints on marine environment and provide a basis for screening the environment friendly active substances, it is urgent to assess the environmental risk of active substances. In this study, the marine environmental risk of copper, the most widely used biocidally active substance, in 25 formulations of Chinese antifouling paints was assessed using the methods developed specifically for the active substances, which include exposure assessment, hazard assessment and risk characterization. In exposure assessment, typical exposure scenarios such as harbor, marina and open sea in Marine Antifoulant Model to Predict Environmental Concentrations (MAMPEC) were used. Hazard assessment was based on all the available chronic toxicity data of copper to aquatic organisms, and the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method was used associated with the assessment factor method. The risk level was determined by the quotient method. The results indicated that the predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) of copper were 2.8 and 2.3 μg·L-1 for all aquatic organisms and seawater species, respectively, and algae is the most sensitive taxa to copper. Except for one formulation, the hazard quotients of copper in other 24 paint formulations were lower than 1, indicating that copper can be determined as "relative low risk". The use of copper in such paints as antifouling active ingredient results in a negligible risk to the marine environment. In different scenarios, copper showed different environmental risks with the descending order as:marina with poor flushed, default marina, default harbor and open sea. According to the assessment results, the release rate of copper should not be greater than 33.5 µg·cm-2·d-1 in order to avoid posing a significant risk to the marine environment with enclosed character.
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