镉对大型溞肠道结构及消化酶活力的影响
Effect of Cadmium on Intestinal Structure and Digestive Enzymes Activities of Daphnia magna
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摘要: 镉(Cd2+)作为水环境中毒性较强的污染物之一，对水生动物各器官均造成了不良影响。为了了解镉对消化系统的毒性机理，研究了镉胁迫对大型溞(Daphnia magna)肠道组织及消化酶活力的影响。依据国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)中Ⅴ类水质的镉浓度标准限值的1倍、5倍和9倍设置3个镉浓度组(0.01、0.05、0.09 mg L−1)和1个对照组，分别处理24、48 h。结果表明，镉处理对大型溞肠道结构、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活力均产生了影响。首先，随着镉浓度的升高，显微结构显示，大型溞肠道上皮细胞排列松散、不整齐，并出现“空泡化”；内侧纹状缘严重脱落。亚显微结构显示，肠道微绒毛出现断裂、溶解消失现象；线粒体发生肿胀、空泡化，嵴断裂或消失。其次，淀粉酶活力显著降低(P<0.01)，与镉浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系；脂肪酶活力在镉浓度为0.01～0.05 mg L−1时升高，在0.09 mg L−1时活力被抑制；胰蛋白酶在镉处理24 h浓度为0.01 mg L−1时显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，在镉处理48 h时，各浓度组均显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。镉对大型溞消化酶活力的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为0.01 mg L−1。大型溞作为常用的毒理学监测动物，实验结果将为含镉废水排放标准的完善提供理论依据。Abstract: Cadmium (Cd), one of the most toxic environmental pollutants in water, affects various organs of aquatic animals. In order to understand the toxicity mechanism of Cd on the digestive system, we investigated the intestinal structure and the digestive enzyme activities of water fleas, Daphnia magna, after its exposure to different concentrations of Cd (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.09 mg L−1) for 24 h and 48 h. The Cd concentrations were set up according to the limit in the National Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB3838—2002). Intestinal HE staining results showed that the intestinal epithelial cells were arranged loosely, irregularly and vacuolated, and the striate margin was severely detached in the Cd-exposure groups with the heaviest effect appearing in the Cd-exposure group of highest concentration. By transmission electron microscope, it was observed that in Cd-exposure groups intestinal microvilli was broken, dissolved and disappeared, and the mitochondria appeared swelled and vacuolated, and mitochondrial mites were furtherly ruptured and disappeared while the control group is normal. For digestive enzyme activities, it was found that amylase activity was significantly decreased (P<0.01), compared with that of the control group, and dose-dependent response was observed. Lipase activity was increased at 0.01～0.05 mg L−1 Cd and inhibited at 0.09 mg L−1 Cd. Trypsin activity was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05) at 0.01 mg L−1 after 24 h, then significantly decreased at three Cd concentration groups after 48 h (P<0.01). Therefore, it is concluded that the value of lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) is 0.01 mg L−1 concerning the selected digestive enzyme activities. The results also demonstrated that Daphnia magna is a good organism to determine the limit of Cd concentration for industrial waste water discharge standard.
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Key words:
- cadmium /
- Daphnia magna /
- gut /
- digestive enzymes
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