微/纳米塑料对淡水生物毒性、机理及其影响因素研究进展
Toxicity, Mechanism and Their Impact Factors of Micro/Nano Plastics to Freshwater Organisms: A Review
-
摘要: 微/纳米塑料（MNPs）在全球水环境中被检出，其污染问题已引起科学界和公众的普遍关注。MNPs因其物理化学特性可对水环境生物产生不可预知的危害。本文综述了MNPs对不同营养级淡水生物（藻类、水溞和鱼类）毒理效应的研究进展，阐述了MNPs对淡水生物毒性的作用机理，重点评述了影响MNPs对淡水生物毒性的主要因素，包括直接因素（聚合物类型、元素掺杂、尺寸、颗粒形状和表面特征）和间接因素（单体和添加剂释放、其他污染物及水溶液化学条件），并指出了塑料生态毒理学今后的研究趋势。Abstract: Micro/nano plastics (MNPs) have been detected in the global water environment, which has attracted the widespread concern of the scientific community and the public. Owing to the unique physicochemical properties, MNPs pose unprecedented harm to species in the aquatic environment. This work overviewed the progress of the toxicity of MNPs to freshwater organisms (algae, water fleas, and fish) with different trophic levels and elucidated mechanism in the toxicity, as well as focused on the effects of main direct factors (polymer types, element doping, size, shape, and surface characteristics) and indirect factors (monomers and additives release, other contaminants, and water chemistry conditions) on the toxicity of MNPs to the freshwater organisms. Moreover, we addressed the further trends in this research field.
-
Key words:
- microplastics /
- nanoplastics /
- freshwater organisms /
- toxicity mechanism /
- impact factors
-
-
Lebreton L C M, van der Zwet J, Damsteeg J W, et al. River plastic emissions to the world's oceans[J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8:15611 Ng E L, Huerta Lwanga E, Eldridge S M, et al. An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 627:1377-1388 Thompson R C, Olsen Y, Mitchell R P, et al. Lost at sea:Where is all the plastic?[J]. Science, 2004, 304(5672):838 Gigault J, Halle A T, Baudrimont M, et al. Current opinion:What is a nanoplastic?[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 235:1030-1034 陈彪, 汪羚, 李达, 等. 水环境中的微塑料及其生态效应[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2019, 14(1):30-40 Chen B, Wang L, Li D, et al. Microplastics in water environment and their ecological effects[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2019, 14(1):30-40(in Chinese)
韩丽花, 李巧玲, 徐笠, 等. 大辽河流域土壤中微塑料的丰度与分布研究[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2020, 15(1):174-185 Han L H, Li Q L, Xu L, et al. Abundance and distribution of microplastics of soils in Daliao River basin[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2020, 15(1):174-185(in Chinese)
Wright S L, Kelly F J. Plastic and human health:A micro issue?[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(12):6634-6647 de Sá L C, Oliveira M, Ribeiro F, et al. Studies of the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms:What do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future?[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 645:1029-1039 蒲生彦, 张颖, 吕雪. 微塑料在土壤-地下水中的环境行为及其生态毒性研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2020, 15(1):44-55 Pu S Y, Zhang Y, Lv X. Review on the environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of microplastics in soil-groundwater[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2020, 15(1):44-55(in Chinese)
丁剑楠, 张闪闪, 邹华, 等. 淡水环境中微塑料的赋存、来源和生态毒理效应研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2017, 26(9):1619-1626 Ding J N, Zhang S S, Zou H, et al. Occurrence, source and ecotoxicological effect of microplastics in freshwater environment[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 26(9):1619-1626(in Chinese)
Besseling E, Quik J T K, Sun M Z, et al. Fate of nano- and microplastic in freshwater systems:A modeling study[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 220:540-548 Cai L, Hu L L, Shi H H, et al. Effects of inorganic ions and natural organic matter on the aggregation of nanoplastics[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 197:142-151 van Leeuwen C J, Bro-Rasmussen F, Feijtel T C J, et al. Risk assessment and management of new and existing chemicals[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1996, 2(4):243-299 Prata J C, da Costa J P, Lopes I, et al. Effects of microplastics on microalgae populations:A critical review[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 665:400-405 Casado M P, Macken A, Byrne H J. Ecotoxicological assessment of silica and polystyrene nanoparticles assessed by a multitrophic test battery[J]. Environment International, 2013, 51:97-105 Besseling E, Wang B, Lürling M, et al. Nanoplastic affects growth of S. obliquus and reproduction of D. magna[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(20):12336-12343 Bhattacharya P, Lin S J, Turner J P, et al. Physical adsorption of charged plastic nanoparticles affects algal photosynthesis[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114(39):16556-16561 Mao Y F, Ai H N, Chen Y, et al. Phytoplankton response to polystyrene microplastics:Perspective from an entire growth period[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 208:59-68 Lagarde F, Olivier O, Zanella M, et al. Microplastic interactions with freshwater microalgae:Hetero-aggregation and changes in plastic density appear strongly dependent on polymer type[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 215:331-339 Eltemsah Y S, Bøhn T. Acute and chronic effects of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile and adult Daphnia magna[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 254(Pt A):112919 Rehse S, Kloas W, Zarfl C. Short-term exposure with high concentrations of pristine microplastic particles leads to immobilisation of Daphnia magna[J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 153:91-99 Liu Z Q, Yu P, Cai M Q, et al. Polystyrene nanoplastic exposure induces immobilization, reproduction, and stress defense in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia pulex[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 215:74-81 Cui R X, Kim S W, An Y J. Polystyrene nanoplastics inhibit reproduction and induce abnormal embryonic development in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia galeata[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:12095 Zhang W Y, Liu Z Q, Tang S K, et al. Transcriptional response provides insights into the effect of chronic polystyrene nanoplastic exposure on Daphnia pulex[J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 238:124563 Bosker T, Olthof G, Vijver M G, et al. Significant decline of Daphnia magna population biomass due to microplastic exposure[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 250:669-675 Elizalde-Velázquez A, Carcano A M, Crago J, et al. Translocation, trophic transfer, accumulation and depuration of polystyrene microplastics in Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 259:113937 Scherer C, Brennholt N, Reifferscheid G, et al. Feeding type and development drive the ingestion of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:17006 Chae Y, Kim D, Kim S W, et al. Trophic transfer and individual impact of nano-sized polystyrene in a four-species freshwater food chain[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8:284 Malafaia G, de Souza A M, Pereira A C, et al. Developmental toxicity in zebrafish exposed to polyethylene microplastics under static and semi-static aquatic systems[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 700:134867 Lei L L, Wu S Y, Lu S B, et al. Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 619-620:1-8 Parenti C C, Ghilardi A, Della Torre C, et al. Evaluation of the infiltration of polystyrene nanobeads in zebrafish embryo tissues after short-term exposure and the related biochemical and behavioural effects[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 254:112947 Qiang L Y, Cheng J P. Exposure to microplastics decreases swimming competence in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, 176:226-233 Ding J N, Zhang S S, Razanajatovo R M, et al. Accumulation, tissue distribution, and biochemical effects of polystyrene microplastics in the freshwater fish red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 238:1-9 Déniel M, Lagarde F, Caruso A, et al. Infrared spectroscopy as a tool to monitor interactions between nanoplastics and microalgae[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2020, 412(18):4413-4422 巩宁, 韩旭, 李佳璠, 等. 不同粒径聚乙烯微粒对大型溞的生物毒性效应[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2020, 39(2):169-176 Gong N, Han X, Li J F, et al. Toxic effects of different particle size polyethylene microbeads on Daphnia magna[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2020, 39(2):169-176(in Chinese)
Liu Z Q, Jiao Y, Chen Q, et al. Two sigma and two mu class genes of glutathione S-transferase in the waterflea Daphnia pulex:Molecular characterization and transcriptional response to nanoplastic exposure[J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 248:126065 Wu D L, Liu Z Q, Cai M Q, et al. Molecular characterisation of cytochrome P450 enzymes in waterflea (Daphnia pulex) and their expression regulation by polystyrene nanoplastics[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2019, 217:105350 Liu Z Q, Cai M Q, Yu P, et al. Age-dependent survival, stress defense, and AMPK in Daphnia pulex after short-term exposure to a polystyrene nanoplastic[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2018, 204:1-8 Liu Z Q, Cai M Q, Wu D L, et al. Effects of nanoplastics at predicted environmental concentration on Daphnia pulex after exposure through multiple generations[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 256:113506 Liu Z Q, Huang Y H, Jiao Y, et al. Polystyrene nanoplastic induces ROS production and affects the MAPK-HIF-1/NFkB-mediated antioxidant system in Daphnia pulex[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2020, 220:105420 Hoang T C, Felix-Kim M. Microplastic consumption and excretion by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas):Influence of particles size and body shape of fish[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 704:135433 袁鹏, 胡献刚, 周启星. 微塑料在肠道的蓄积毒性及其生态危害研究进展[J]. 徐州工程学院学报:自然科学版, 2019, 34(4):54-58 Yuan P, Hu X G, Zhou Q X. Progress on cumulative toxicity and ecological hazards of microplastics in intestinal tract[J]. Journal of Xuzhou Institute of Technology:Natural Sciences Edition, 2019, 34(4):54-58(in Chinese)
Qiao R X, Sheng C, Lu Y F, et al. Microplastics induce intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and disorders of metabolome and microbiome in zebrafish[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 662:246-253 Jin Y X, Xia J Z, Pan Z H, et al. Polystyrene microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 235:322-329 Mattsson K, Ekvall M T, Hansson L A, et al. Altered behavior, physiology, and metabolism in fish exposed to polystyrene nanoparticles[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(1):553-561 Mattsson K, Johnson E V, Malmendal A, et al. Brain damage and behavioural disorders in fish induced by plastic nanoparticles delivered through the food chain[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:11452 LeMoine C M R, Kelleher B M, Lagarde R, et al. Transcriptional effects of polyethylene microplastics ingestion in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio)[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 243:591-600 Karami A, Romano N, Galloway T, et al. Virgin microplastics cause toxicity and modulate the impacts of phenanthrene on biomarker responses in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)[J]. Environmental Research, 2016, 151:58-70 Pitt J A, Kozal J S, Jayasundara N, et al. Uptake, tissue distribution, and toxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio)[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2018, 194:185-194 Brun N R, Koch B E V, Varela M, et al. Nanoparticles induce dermal and intestinal innate immune system responses in zebrafish embryos[J]. Environmental Science:Nano, 2018, 5(4):904-916 Greven A C, Merk T, Karagöz F, et al. Polycarbonate and polystyrene nanoplastic particles act as stressors to the innate immune system of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2016, 35(12):3093-3100 Lu Y F, Zhang Y, Deng Y F, et al. Uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(7):4054-4060 Brun N R, van Hage P, Hunting E R, et al. Polystyrene nanoplastics disrupt glucose metabolism and cortisol levels with a possible link to behavioural changes in larval zebrafish[J]. Communications Biology, 2019, 2:382 Sökmen T Ö, Sulukan E, Türkoǧlu M, et al. Polystyrene nanoplastics (20 nm) are able to bioaccumulate and cause oxidative DNA damages in the brain tissue of zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio)[J]. NeuroToxicology, 2020, 77:51-59 Mak C W, Ching-Fong Yeung K, Chan K M. Acute toxic effects of polyethylene microplastic on adult zebrafish[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, 182:109442 Duan Z H, Duan X Y, Zhao S, et al. Barrier function of zebrafish embryonic chorions against microplastics and nanoplastics and its impact on embryo development[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 395:122621 张凯, 孙红文. (可降解)微塑料颗粒吸附有机污染物及对其生物有效性的影响[J]. 环境化学, 2018, 37(3):375-382 Zhang K, Sun H W. Adsorption of organic pollutants on (degradable) microplastics and the influences on their bioavailability[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2018, 37(3):375-382(in Chinese)
Renzi M, Grazioli E, Blašković A. Effects of different microplastic types and surfactant-microplastic mixtures under fasting and feeding conditions:A case study on Daphnia magna[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2019, 103(3):367-373 Mitrano D M, Beltzung A, Frehland S, et al. Synthesis of metal-doped nanoplastics and their utility to investigate fate and behaviour in complex environmental systems[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2019, 14(4):362-368 Zhang F, Wang Z, Song L, et al. Aquatic toxicity of iron-oxide-doped microplastics to Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Daphnia magna[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 257:113451 Sjollema S B, Redondo-Hasselerharm P, Leslie H A, et al. Do plastic particles affect microalgal photosynthesis and growth?[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2016, 170:259-261 Rist S, Baun A, Hartmann N B. Ingestion of micro- and nanoplastics in Daphnia magna-Quantification of body burdens and assessment of feeding rates and reproduction[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 228:398-407 Yang H, Xiong H R, Mi K H, et al. Toxicity comparison of nano-sized and micron-sized microplastics to goldfish Carassius auratus larvae[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 388:122058 Ding J N, Huang Y J, Liu S J, et al. Toxicological effects of nano- and micro-polystyrene plastics on red tilapia:Are larger plastic particles more harmless?[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 396:122693 Della Torre C, Bergami E, Salvati A, et al. Accumulation and embryotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles at early stage of development of sea urchin embryos Paracentrotus lividus[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(20):12302-12311 Andrady A L. Microplastics in the marine environment[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011, 62(8):1596-1605 Nolte T M, Hartmann N B, Kleijn J M, et al. The toxicity of plastic nanoparticles to green algae as influenced by surface modification, medium hardness and cellular adsorption[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2017, 183:11-20 Manfra L, Rotini A, Bergami E, et al. Comparative ecotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in natural seawater and reconstituted seawater using the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017, 145:557-563 Qiao R X, Deng Y F, Zhang S H, et al. Accumulation of different shapes of microplastics initiates intestinal injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis in the gut of zebrafish[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 236:124334 Frydkjær C K, Iversen N, Roslev P. Ingestion and egestion of microplastics by the cladoceran Daphnia magna:Effects of regular and irregular shaped plastic and sorbed phenanthrene[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2017, 99(6):655-661 Ogonowski M, Schür C, Jarsén Å, et al. The effects of natural and anthropogenic microparticles on individual fitness in Daphnia magna[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(5):e0155063 杨婧婧, 徐笠, 陆安祥, 等. 环境中微(纳米)塑料的来源及毒理学研究进展[J]. 环境化学, 2018, 37(3):383-396 Yang J J, Xu L, Lu A X, et al. Research progress on the sources and toxicology of micro (nano) plastics in environment[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2018, 37(3):383-396(in Chinese)
徐擎擎, 张哿, 邹亚丹, 等. 微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2018, 13(1):40-49 Xu Q Q, Zhang G, Zou Y D, et al. Interactions between microplastics and organic pollutants:Current status and knowledge gaps[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2018, 13(1):40-49(in Chinese)
Boyle D, Catarino A I, Clark N J, et al. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic fragments release Pb additives that are bioavailable in zebrafish[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 263:114422 Hermabessiere L, Dehaut A, Paul-Pont I, et al. Occurrence and effects of plastic additives on marine environments and organisms:A review[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 182:781-793 Lithner D, Larsson Å, Dave G. Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2011, 409(18):3309-3324 Staniszewska M, Graca B, Nehring I. The fate of bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol leached from plastic debris into marine water-Experimental studies on biodegradation and sorption on suspended particulate matter and nano-TiO2[J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 145:535-542 Luo H W, Xiang Y H, He D Q, et al. Leaching behavior of fluorescent additives from microplastics and the toxicity of leachate to Chlorella vulgaris[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 678:1-9 王子健. 塑料及塑料添加剂环境管理的政策分析[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2019, 14(3):1 李富云, 贾芳丽, 涂海峰, 等. 海洋中微塑料的环境行为和生态影响[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2017, 12(6):11-18 Li F Y, Jia F L, Tu H F, et al. Environmental behavior and ecological effects of microplastics in the ocean[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017, 12(6):11-18(in Chinese)
陈启晴, 杨守业, Henner Hollert, 等. 微塑料污染的水生生态毒性与载体作用[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2018, 13(1):16-30 Chen Q Q, Yang S Y, Hollert H, et al. The ecotoxicity and carrier function of microplastics in the aquatic environment[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2018, 13(1):16-30(in Chinese)
Lin W, Jiang R F, Xiong Y X, et al. Quantification of the combined toxic effect of polychlorinated biphenyls and nano-sized polystyrene on Daphnia magna[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 364:531-536 李广宇, 陈景文, 李雪花, 等. 几类有机污染物的微塑料/水分配系数的线性溶解能关系模型[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2017, 12(3):225-233 Li G Y, Chen J W, Li X H, et al. LSER models for several classes of organic pollutants partitioning between microplastics and water[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017, 12(3):225-233(in Chinese)
邹亚丹, 徐擎擎, 张哿, 等. 微塑料与农药污染的联合毒性作用研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2017, 12(4):25-33 Zou Y D, Xu Q Q, Zhang G, et al. Review on the joint toxicity of microplastics and pesticide pollution[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017, 12(4):25-33(in Chinese)
Wang F, Wang B, Qu H, et al. The influence of nanoplastics on the toxic effects, bioaccumulation, biodegradation and enantioselectivity of ibuprofen in freshwater algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 263:114593 Qu H, Ma R X, Barrett H, et al. How microplastics affect chiral illicit drug methamphetamine in aquatic food chain? From green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) to freshwater snail (Cipangopaludian cathayensis)[J]. Environment International, 2020, 136:105480 Qiao R X, Lu K, Deng Y F, et al. Combined effects of polystyrene microplastics and natural organic matter on the accumulation and toxicity of copper in zebrafish[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 682:128-137 Liu Y H, Wang Z, Wang S, et al. Ecotoxicological effects on Scenedesmus obliquus and Danio rerio co-exposed to polystyrene nano-plastic particles and natural acidic organic polymer[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2019, 67:21-28 Lee W S, Cho H J, Kim E, et al. Bioaccumulation of polystyrene nanoplastics and their effect on the toxicity of Au ions in zebrafish embryos[J]. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(7):3173-3185 Kim D, Chae Y, An Y J. Mixture toxicity of nickel and microplastics with different functional groups on Daphnia magna[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(21):12852-12858 Wang F, Wong C S, Chen D, et al. Interaction of toxic chemicals with microplastics:A critical review[J]. Water Research, 2018, 139:208-219 贾雨薇, 赵建亮, 于旭彪, 等. 微塑料对疏水性有机污染物的生物富集影响研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2019, 14(6):1-10 Jia Y W, Zhao J L, Yu X B, et al. Resent advances on the effects of microplastics on bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic pollutants[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2019, 14(6):1-10(in Chinese)
王一飞, 李淼, 于海瀛, 等. 微塑料对环境中有机污染物吸附解吸的研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2019, 14(4):23-30 Wang Y F, Li M, Yu H Y, et al. Research progress on the adsorption and desorption between microplastics and environmental organic pollutants[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2019, 14(4):23-30(in Chinese)
Huang B, Wei Z B, Yang L Y, et al. Combined toxicity of silver nanoparticles with hematite or plastic nanoparticles toward two freshwater algae[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(7):3871-3879 Gu W, Liu S, Chen L, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals size-dependent effects of polystyrene microplastics on immune and secretory cell populations from zebrafish intestines[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54(6):3417-3427 Zhang F, Wang Z, Wang S, et al. Aquatic behavior and toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastic particles with different functional groups:Complex roles of pH, dissolved organic carbon and divalent cations[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 228:195-203 Chen W, Ouyang Z Y, Qian C, et al. Induced structural changes of humic acid by exposure of polystyrene microplastics:A spectroscopic insight[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 233:1-7 Zhang R, Silic M R, Schaber A, et al. Exposure route affects the distribution and toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics in zebrafish[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 724:138065 Kögel T, Bjorøy Ø, Toto B, et al. Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life:Determining factors[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 709:136050 Kratina P, Watts T J, Green D S, et al. Interactive effects of warming and microplastics on metabolism but not feeding rates of a key freshwater detritivore[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 255:113259 Yang Y M, Guo Y W, O'Brien A M, et al. Biological responses to climate change and nanoplastics are altered in concert:Full-factor screening reveals effects of multiple stressors on primary producers[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54(4):2401-2410 包旭辉, 闫振华, 陆光华. 我国淡水中微塑料的污染现状及生物效应研究[J]. 水资源保护, 2019, 35(6):115-123 Bao X H, Yan Z H, Lu G H. Study on pollution status and biological effect of microplastics in fresh water of China[J]. Water Resources Protection, 2019, 35(6):115-123(in Chinese)
-
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 5461
- HTML全文浏览数: 5461
- PDF下载数: 306
- 施引文献: 0
下载:
