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NOx是大气的主要污染物之一,对人体健康和生态环境都有巨大的危害。NOx的主要存在形式包括N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5[1]。高浓度的NO会对人体组织产生强烈危害,当NO进入人体后会与血液中的血红蛋白结合,降低红细胞输送氧气的能力,从而引起组织缺氧[2-3]。2019年7月在“关于政协十三届全国委员会第二次会议第0255号(资源环境类032号)提案答复的函”中指出在NOx减排方面,着力推行燃煤电厂超低排放改造,实施改造后NOx排放浓度由原来执行200 mg·m−3标准限值进一步控制到50 mg·m−3以下。因此,治理氮氧化物既是国家政策的响应也是环境保护的必然。
选择性催化还原法(SCR)是以NH3为还原剂,在催化剂的作用下将NOx催化还原为N2和H2O的脱硝技术,是烟气脱硝的主流技术[4]。工业上应用最多的就是以钨或钼改性的钒钛催化剂,它在去除氮氧化物时表现出优异的脱硝活性[5-6]。在中高温300—400 ℃的活性温度区间,V2O5-WO3(MoO3 )/TiO2催化剂具有优异的催化效率和抗硫抗水性[7-9]。但是由于温度窗口的限制钒钛催化剂必须布置在脱硫和除尘装置之前,而这种布置使得催化剂暴露在高温高尘高SO2环境中,长期运行容易导致催化剂堵塞和SO2中毒失活,且活性组分V具有较强的生物毒性,可能造成二次污染[7-8]。因此,开发低能耗、低污染、无毒性、高活性的低温NH3-SCR催化剂成为目前广大研究人员的研究重点。
低温催化剂研究期间,锰氧化物的多价态和易于发生氧化还原反应而受到广泛关注。MnOx的价态包括+2、+3、+4等整数价位以及一些非整数价位,不同价态的锰氧化物可以相互转化并产生氧化还原性,而且MnOx可以提供较多的自由电子和氧空位促进NH3选择性还原NO,从而促进低温SCR反应的进行[10-11]。但MnOx对SO2和H2O的抗性较差,不适合直接商业应用,因此寻找合适的改性剂来提高催化剂的抗硫抗水性至关重要。
在锰基催化剂的研究基础上,研究人员尝试通过改性来取得高活性的同时也使得锰基催化剂具有优异的抗硫抗水性。目前常见的改性剂有Fe、Co、Ce、Cr、Ni、Sn、Mg、Cu、Sb、Ho、Nb[12-16]等元素,并且在实验中改善了低温SCR的NO去除效率。文献报道[7,17-18]Ce 的掺杂增强了催化剂表面氧活性位,提高了氧化还原能力,并且增强了催化剂的稳定性,主要因为Ce抑制了Ti和Mn的硫酸化,促进硫酸铵等沉积物失稳。铈作为氧储存库,在Ce4+还原为Ce3+的过程中,会释放出氧气并在催化剂中形成氧空位,氧空位使催化剂易于吸收分子O2,可以将Ce3+转化为Ce4+,从而完成催化循环,提高低温NH3-SCR反应[19]。在300—500 ℃,存在SO2的条件下CeO2显示出出色的SCR活性[20]。因此,Ce成为锰基催化剂最常见的改性剂之一。
锰铈催化剂又根据是否负载到载体上可分为复合型锰基氧化物催化剂和负载型锰基氧化物催化剂[21]。常见的载体有活性炭、分子筛、陶瓷、贵金属、TiO2和Al2O3等,其中纳米级Ti载体具有价格低廉、无毒性、高比表面积、高热稳定性、活性组分分散均匀和一定的抗硫性等优点而备受关注。在对不同晶型的TiO2研究中发现,锐钛矿型TiO2载体具有最高活性,其次是金红石型,最后是锐钛矿-金红石型,且TiO2载体具有独特的表面酸性,在加入其他金属改性后容易在晶格中形成氧空缺体[22],因此,以TiO2为载体的Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂成为了近几年广大学者的研究热点与重点之一,目前取得的成果显著。
Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂在低温下已经体现出良好的催化活性,但是仍然没有投入到工业应用,一方面是因为现在研究的催化剂大多是粉末状,距离成型依然尝试较少,另一方面是因为实际工况复杂,不同工作环境下含有不同使催化剂失活的物质,如Na、Pb、K和SO2等[23-25]。其中,SO2作为常见物质存在于反应气氛中,易在催化剂表面与氨气反应生成难降解的硫酸盐从而使催化剂失活;同时水既是烟气的固有成分也是SCR反应的产物之一[7],因此催化剂对水的耐受性也是至关重要。
本文综述了锰铈系催化剂的SO2和H2O中毒机理,并着重对掺杂不同金属改性后提高锰铈基催化剂的抗硫抗水性进行了归纳讨论,结合近几年的研究对未来锰铈系催化剂的研究方向给出展望。
以TiO2为载体的锰铈系低温SCR脱硝催化剂抗硫抗水性能研究进展
SO2 and H2O poisoning resistance of TiO2 supported Mn/Ce catalysts for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx
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摘要: 开发具有低温、高活性、高抗硫抗水性的NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂成为目前广大学者的主要研究方向。锰铈催化剂因为其优异的低温活性而具有广阔的应用前景,但反应气氛中的SO2和H2O会使催化剂中毒。本文分析了以TiO2为载体的锰铈基催化剂在低温氨选择性催化还原过程中SO2和H2O的中毒机理,重点从添加助剂和改变催化剂形貌两方面介绍了提高锰铈催化剂抗硫抗水性的研究进展。最后针对目前锰铈催化剂存在的问题对其研究方向进行了展望。Abstract: The development of NH3-SCR denitration catalyst with desirable properties, including low-temperature, high activity, high sulfur and water resistance, has gradually become the primary research focus. Mn-Ce catalyst exhibited broad application potential due to its excellent catalytic activity under low-temperature. However, SO2 and H2O in the reaction atmosphere usually causes-poison the catalyst. This manuscript proposed the SO2 and H2O poisoning mechanism of TiO2 supported Mn-Ce catalyst during the low-temperature ammonia selective catalytic reduction process.Research tendency, about intensification of the sulfur and water resistance of the Mn-Ce catalyst through additive addition and morphology tuning of the catalyst, were carefully proposed, respectively. Finally, the research tendency with respect to the current Mn-Ce/TiO2 catalyst is prospected.
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