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降尘是我国城市空气污染的主要因子之一[1-2],兼具“污染源”与“传播媒介”双重作用[3],也是多种污染物的载体和反应床,其中重金属类的污染尤为突出[4]。降尘中重金属可通过呼吸、皮肤接触及手-口摄入等多种途径进入人体[5],引起人体机能功能性障碍和不可逆性损伤,甚至产生“致癌、致畸、致突变”的三致效应[6],对人体健康构成严重威胁。因此,降尘中重金属的污染与防治问题已引起国内外学者的广泛关注。明确降尘中重金属的污染表征、时空分布特征分析、来源解析等研究对城市大气环境精准治理具有重要意义。
对于工业城市而言,由于其排放的降尘中重金属种类多、排放量大、污染源类型复杂,往往导致城市大气重金属污染较为严重[7],亟需开展工业城市大气的重金属污染防治工作。明确大气降尘中重金属来源是开展大气环境精准防治工作的重要理论基础。降尘中重金属源解析方法包括以污染源为研究对象的扩散模型和以污染区域为研究对象的受体模型[8],其中受体模型已受到广泛使用。如杨弘等[9]采用主成分分析法(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)识别了太原市大气颗粒物中重金属主要来源。Ma等[10]通过绝对主成分得分多元线性回归受体模型(Absolute Principal Component Scores-Multivariate Linear Regression,APCS-MLR)对垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属来源进行识别和贡献分配。Yan等[11]采用正定矩阵因子分析模型(Positive Matrix Factorization,PMF)对厦门市大气降尘中稀土元素进行来源解析。PMF模型是美国环境保护署推荐使用的源解析方法之一,其通过相关矩阵和协方差矩阵对多维变量进行降维,是一种十分有效的重金属源解析方法。目前,PMF模型已广泛用于大气颗粒物中重金属的来源解析[11-12]。
济南市作为我国典型的老工业城市,集聚了以冶炼、化工、机械等为主体的重工业集群,产业结构重型化,钢铁锻造冶炼、煤炭燃烧以及机动车尾气排放等会释放大量的粉尘及颗粒物,造成大气中重金属的污染源类型复杂。庞绪贵等[13]采用因子分析法对济南城区大气降尘及污染端元进行分析,结果表明企业燃煤、汽车尾气和交通污染是济南大气降尘污染的主要来源。赵西强等[14]采用主成分分析对济南近地表大气降尘元素进行源解析,结果表明土壤粉尘、燃煤、建筑尘及汽车尾气排放是降尘元素的主要贡献因子。由此可见,不同源解析方法得到的源解析结果有较大差异。
为明确济南市大气降尘中重金属的分布特征和来源解析,本研究采集了济南市大气降尘为研究对象,分析降尘中重金属Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb含量,通过PMF模型对济南市降尘中重金属进行来源解析。研究结果以期为济南市大气重金属污染的精准防治工作提供数据支撑和科学依据。
典型工业城市大气降尘中重金属分布特征及其来源解析---以济南市为例
Distribution characteristic and source apportionment of heavy metals in atmospheric dust in a typical industrial city -- A case study of Jinan
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摘要: 污染源解析是城市大气环境精准防治的重要基础。为探究典型工业城市大气降尘中重金属污染分布特征和污染源解析,本研究在济南市域内采集了35个大气降尘样品,分析了样品中重金属浓度及其空间分布特征,采用正定矩阵因子分析模型(Positive Matrix Factorization,PMF)解析降尘中重金属来源。研究结果表明,降尘中Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb浓度平均值分别为501.4、29884.6、8.2、24.8、44.3、153.9、12.5、40.1 mg·kg−1,其中Zn、Cu和Pb的地累积指数(Geoaccumulation Index,Igeo)分别为1.17、1.06和1.01,属于中度污染;钢铁冶炼较为发达的钢城区降尘中Mn、Fe、Co、Cu和As浓度显著高于其他区县,其浓度平均值分别为1172.4、73577.3、17.0、139.7、32.3 mg·kg−1,而Zn和Pb在历下区、槐荫区等人口密集区域最高浓度可达351.5 mg·kg−1和114.0 mg·kg−1;PMF分析结果表明,济南市降尘重金属主要存在4个贡献源,分别为土壤源、工业源、交通源和混合源,贡献率分别为46.8%、26.6%、15.2%和11.4%。其中,重金属Co、Cu、Fe主要来自土壤源,Mn主要来自于土壤源和工业源的贡献,Ni主要来自于土壤源和混合源,交通源对降尘中Pb和Zn的贡献率较高,As则主要来自于工业源。本研究结果可为济南市大气环境精准防控政策的制定提供理论依据。Abstract: The sources apportionment of heavy metals in atmospheric dust is an important basis for accurate prevention and control of urban atmospheric environment. To explore the source and contribution of heavy metals in atmospheric dust in a typical industrial city, this study collected 35 atmospheric dust samples from Jinan city, the concentrations and spatial distribution of heavy metals were analyzed. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was utilized to analyze the source of heavy metals in atmospheric dust. The results showed that the average concentrations of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb in atmospheric dust samples were 501.4, 29884.6, 8.2, 24.8, 44.3, 153.9, 12.5, 40.1 mg·kg−1, respectively. The average geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of Zn, Cu and Pb in the atmospheric dust were 1.17, 1.06 and 1.01, respectively, presenting moderate pollution level. The concentrations of Mn, Fe, Co, Cu and As in Gangcheng district with developed steel smelting were higher than that in other district, with the average values of 1172.4, 73577.3, 17.0, 139.7, 32.3 mg·kg−1, respectively. The highest concentrations of Zn and Pb reached 351.5 mg·kg−1 and 114.0 mg·kg−1, respectively in Lixia and Huaiyin district with the densely populated areas. PMF analysis showed that there were four main sources of heavy metals in the atmospheric dust in Jinan, including soil sources, industrial sources, traffic sources and other sources, and the contribution rates were 46.8%, 26.6%, 15.2% and 11.4%, respectively. Co, Cu and Fe mainly came from soil sources, Mn mainly came from soil sources and industrial sources, Ni mainly came from soil sources and mixed sources, traffic sources mainly contributed to Pb and Zn in atmospheric dust, and As mainly came from industrial sources. The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of precise prevention and control policies of atmospheric environment in Jinan.
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Key words:
- industrial city /
- atmospheric dust /
- heavy metals /
- PMF model /
- source apportionment
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表 1 济南市及全国部分城市大气降尘中重金属浓度
Table 1. The heavy metals concentrations of atmospheric dust in Jinan and other cities
城市
CitiesMn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Pb 济南 501.4 29884.6 8.2 24.8 44.3 153.9 12.5 40.1 抚顺[18] — — — 26.9 81.3 619.7 — 98.5 沈阳[19] — — — 38.2 41.2 149.8 6.5 38.5 西安[20] 569.3 — 27.0 34.1 65.4 523.0 12.7 120.2 兰州[21] 501.5 19227.1 — 40.6 82.2 369.2 — 130.3 杭州[22] 741.1 21149.0 7.0 27.8 223.6 1820.4 — 363.7 天津[23] 380.2 — — 37.1 201.1 736.4 25.7 82.5 厦门[24] 723.0 43733.0 11.2 40.4 444.4 4495.0 — 160.0 焦作[25] — — 9.6 40.3 67.6 1111.5 35.0 155.6 南京[26] 645.8 23703.0 9.9 44.1 183.7 683.2 4.9 123.4 北京[27] — — 13.3 46.9 158.9 741.3 — 154.8 全国-工业区[28] — — — 50.1 332.7 2319.0 369.4 861.7 全国-非工业区[28] — — — 42.5 116.1 603.6 38.2 171.0 济南土壤对照点 334.3 18408.5 7.0 19.1 12.0 42.0 11.1 12.5 注:“—”表示无数据. The data were not available. -
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