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随着冶金、采矿、核能和化学制造业的快速发展,大量有毒重金属离子释放到自然环境中,对地表和地下环境构成了严重威胁[1-2]。具有高毒性和强渗透性的重金属离子容易在生物体中不断积累。其中大部分已知的重金属都具有剧毒或致癌作用[3-4],例如,镉会导致高血压,引起心脑血管疾病,还会破坏骨钙,引起肾功能失调[5-6]。因此,有效地从环境中去除有害重金属离子仍然是一项非常重要但又具有挑战性的环境污染治理工程。
迄今为止,去除重金属离子的技术主要包括吸附[7-8]、化学沉淀法、膜过滤、离子交换、光催化降解、混凝、氧化还原和溶剂萃取等。在这些方法中,吸附技术因其成本低廉、操作简单、实用性强、环境友好以及吸附剂再生简单等原因,已成为最普遍和有效的技术之一[9-10]。
纳米级零价铁(nZVI)是一种环境友好的材料,具有出色的迁移率、高反应活性、低毒性、可控制的粒径和丰富的表面活性部位,因此被用作消除重金属离子的有效吸附剂。尽管nZVI(零价铁)具有去除污染物的功效,但在实际应用中仍然存在一些局限性,例如易聚集、不稳定、易氧化和二次污染[11-12]。为了解决上述问题,常用的改性方法有表面改性nZVI[13-14]、多孔材料负载nZVI[15-17]和无机黏土矿物负载nZVI[18]。其中负载nZVI的多孔材料因其高比表面积、空隙结构和独特的性能而备受关注。研究人员将nZVI固定在多孔固体载体材料上不仅抑制nZVI的氧化和聚集,还增加了表面积和稳定的脱除部位,更有效地从环境中去除污染物。在众多nZVI基材料中,石墨族材料优异的理化性质及吸附重金属离子的能力引起了广泛的研究兴趣。本文重点介绍了石墨基负载nZVI复合材料去除几种常见的重金属离子(例如Cr、Pb、U、Cu、Co和Cd等)的研究。
石墨基复合材料负载零价纳米铁吸附重金属离子的研究进展
Research progress on adsorption of heavy metal ions by graphite based composites supported with nano zero valent iron
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摘要: 工业废水中重金属的存在威胁着环境和人类健康,有效去除环境中的重金属离子具有重要意义。论文简要介绍了近年来石墨基复合材料负载纳米零价铁(nZVI)去除废水中重金属离子的研究,探讨了多种石墨基负载nZVI复合材料对重金属离子的吸附特性和环境条件对吸附性能的影响因素,并对其未来的研究和应用进行了总结和展望。Abstract: The presence of heavy metals in industrial wastewater threatens the environment and human health, and it is of great significance to effectively remove heavy metal ions in the environment. The paper briefly introduced the recent research on graphite-based composite materials loaded with nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) to remove heavy metal ions from surface and underground wastewater, and discussed the adsorption characteristics of various graphite-based composite materials on heavy metal ions and environmental conditions for adsorption The influencing factors of performance, and its future research and application are summarized and prospected.
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Key words:
- graphite-based composites /
- nano zero valent iron /
- adsorption /
- heavy metal ions /
- research progress
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图 8 (a)pH对EG-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响[23];(b)pH对rGO-nZVI去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响[39];(c)pH对G-nZVI去除Co(Ⅱ)的影响[18];(d)Cr(Ⅵ)的伪二阶动力学模型和Elovich动力学模型[25]
Figure 8. (a) Effect of pH on Cr (Ⅵ) removal by EG-nZVI[23]; (b) Effect of pH on Cr (Ⅵ) removal by rGO-nZVI[39]; (c) Effect of pH on Co (Ⅱ) removal by G-nZVI[18]; (d) Effect of pH on the removal of As (Ⅴ) and As (Ⅲ) by rGO-nZVI[51]
表 1 石墨基负载nZVI复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附热力学参数和吸附效果等主要参数对比
Table 1. comparison of adsorption thermodynamic parameters and adsorption efficiency of graphite-based nZVI composites for Cr(Ⅵ) ion
吸附剂
Adsorbent比表面积/(m2 ·g−1)
Specific surface area温 度
Temperature最适pH
Optimal pH吸附/(mg ·g−1)
Adsorption去除率/%
Removal rate参考文献
ReferencesnZVI 33.5 — 5.0 47.2 — [19] G-nZVI 170.0 室温 4.2 162.0 — [20] G-nZVI — 室温 3.0 — 95.0↑ [21] rGO-nZVI 118.0 室温 5.0 187.2 — [22] EG-nZVI 296.0 室温 3.0 — 98.8 [23] GO-nZVI/BC — 室温 2.0 490.2 — [24] 淀粉+G-nZVI 525.0 室温 3.0 143.3 — [25] -
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