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纳米银(AgNPs)由于优良的物理、化学和生物特性,被广泛应用到航空、医学、农业、工业等领域,是目前使用量最多的纳米材料. 其产量巨大,据估计目前全球AgNPs年产量在500—1000 t之间[1]. 随着AgNPs产品的大量使用,其在生产、运输、使用及后期处理中不可避免地会流入环境中,导致环境中AgNPs含量不断增加[2]. 现有分析技术还很难检测AgNPs在环境中的真实浓度,Giese通过建模估算了AgNPs流入到不同环境中的范围值(表1)[1],发现AgNPs含量在环境中不断增加. 土壤和水体是AgNPs汇集的主要场所[3-4]. Sun等预计欧盟污水处理厂污泥中AgNPs含量在(0.008—0.01)mg·kg−1之间,自然和城市土壤中AgNPs每年增加量为(0.91—1.8)ng·kg−1[5]. Deycard等报道污水中可能检测出的AgNPs含量在(6.9±2.0)mg·kg−1[6]. 环境中的AgNPs会通过食物链进入生物体产生毒害作用,已经在许多动物体中广泛研究,包括软体、甲壳、鱼类、鸟类和哺乳类动物等. 同时如本文中所讨论的AgNPs理化性质、环境、涂层等因素都会影响其毒性作用.
目前国内外文献关于AgNPs毒性的研究进展主要从生物种类(如微生物、植物、动物等)、生物个体(如小鼠、斑马鱼、水蚤、昆虫等)或者特定环境(如水、土壤等)等角度总结,其中涉及到对无脊椎和脊椎动物的毒性[7-9]. 而无脊椎动物种类数占动物总种类数的95%,是生态系统的重要组成. 由此,AgNPs的扩大生产和广泛应用更易对无脊椎动物构成严重危害. 相较于脊椎动物,蚯蚓、秀丽隐杆线虫、贻贝、水蚤等无脊椎动物具有生理特征代表性、便于获取和培养、繁殖周期短、饲养成本低、无伦理限制等特点[10-14],已被广泛应用于AgNPs生态毒性测试. 研究性文献中因实验对象、暴露时间、毒性指标、AgNPs的理化性质、暴露浓度等差异,对这些研究结果很难进行比较分析,AgNPs的毒性机制也仍不清晰.
本文主要从累积效应、急性毒性、生长发育毒性、组织病症、生殖毒性、遗传毒性和回避行为等方面总结了AgNPs对无脊椎动物的影响. 除此之外,AgNPs的理化特性、表面涂层、暴露途径、环境[15-18]等因素都可以影响AgNPs对无脊椎动物的毒性. 从无脊椎动物所获得的AgNPs毒性效应,可用于推测AgNPs对生态系统的影响以及对脊椎等其他动物体可能产生的毒性. 但迄今还未见AgNPs对无脊椎动物毒性效应的研究综述. 本文通过阅读大量国内外文献,较为系统地总结了AgNPs对无脊椎动物的影响,并对未来研究方向及重点做了进一步展望.
纳米银对无脊椎动物毒性效应的研究进展
Research advances on silver nanoparticles toxic effects in invertebrates
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摘要: 纳米银(AgNPs)因优良的抗菌特性,已成为全球使用量最多的纳米材料. 随着AgNPs使用量的增多,其不可避免流入环境中,对生态系统造成危害. 无脊椎动物是动物类群重要的组成部分,本文主要从累积效应、急性毒性、生长发育毒性、组织病症、生殖毒性、遗传毒性和回避行为等方面总结了AgNPs对无脊椎动物的影响和潜在毒性机制,介绍了AgNPs对无脊椎动物毒性的影响因素,分析了AgNPs关于无脊椎动物毒性研究的不足并对研究趋势进行了展望. 本文旨在为AgNPs对无脊椎动物的毒性研究以及AgNPs的安全生产和合理使用提供参考.Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become the most frequently used nanomaterials in the world due to their excellent antimicrobial properties. With the increasing use of AgNPs, they are inevitably released into the environment and may produce negative effects on the ecosystem. Invertebrates are an important part of animal taxa. This paper summarized the effects of AgNPs on invertebrates including bioaccumulation, acute toxicity, growth and development toxicity, histopathology, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and avoidance behavior, as well as their potential toxicity mechanism. The factors influencing AgNPs toxicity in invertebrates were introduced. Finally, the deficiencies of AgNPs in invertebrate toxicity and the research trend were discussed. This review aimed to provide references for toxicity studies of AgNPs on invertebrates and the safe production and reasonable use of AgNPs.
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Key words:
- silver nanoparticles /
- invertebrate /
- toxic effect /
- influencing factor.
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环境
Environment浓度单位
Concentration unit2017年 2030年 2050年 污水处理出水 ng·L−1 1.224—103.788 2.120—211.239 6.496—472.948 污水处理污泥 μg·kg−1 32.423—2730.256 62.254—4553.974 187.964—11669.229 地表水 ng·L−1 0.035—2.789 0.063—6.258 0.134—12.896 海水 ng·L−1 0.000—0.000 0.000—0.000 0.000—0.000 沉积物(淡水) μg·kg−1 0.025—33.671 0.043—50.715 0.118—160.683 农业土壤 ng·kg−1 0.236—67.727 0.526—100.645 2.223—219.630 天然土壤 ng·kg−1 0.584—167.456 1.301—48.845 5.497—543.034 城市土壤 ng·kg−1 0.934—267.929 2.082—398.152 8.795—868.855 污泥处理土壤 ng·kg−1 20.085—1661.164 27.211—2122.734 88.785—5249.632 空气 ng·m−3 0.001—0.495 0.002—0.734 0.005—1.608 注:此表格数据来源Giese文章. Note: This table was obtained by collating data from Giese’s paper 表 2 AgNPs对无脊椎动物的生物累积
Table 2. Bioaccumulation of AgNPs in invertebrates
受试生物
Tested organism培养环境
Cultivation environment粒径/nm
Size涂层
Coating暴露时长
Exposure duration暴露浓度
Exposure concentration生物累积量
Bioaccumulation文献
Refs.大型溞
(Daphnia magna)M4 9.15±3.45 CIT 24 h 120 μg·L−1 126.7 μg·g−1 [21] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)M7 21.73±0.94 CIT 14 d 12 μg·L−1 2.77 μg·g−1 [28] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)M7 20—30 CIT 21 d 19.23 μg·L−1 (1.37±0.69 )ng·D.magna−1 [16] 粉正蚓
(Lumbricus rubellus)土壤 38.2±4.5 PVP 28 d 250 mg·kg−1 50 mg·kg−1 [29] 威廉环毛蚓
(Pheretima guillemi )土壤 22.6±7.8 PVP 28 d 7.2 mg·kg−1 (0.9 ±0.1) mg·kg−1 [22] 淡水钩虾
(Gammarus fossarum)Volvic 40 CIT 15 d 5 μg·L−1 (2.09 ± 0.19) μg·L−1 [30] 白玉蜗牛
(Achatina fulica)土壤 57.6±2.5 无 14 d 20—50 mg·kg−1 3—245.7 mg·kg−1 [17] 海蠕虫
(Capitella teleta)沉积物 13.9±3.17 CIT 14 d 100 μg·g−1 (215± 92) μg·g−1 [31] 蛤蜊
(Scrobicularia plana)池塘水 40—50 乳酸 10 d 10 μg·L−1 (228 ± 64) ng·g−1 [32] 秀丽隐杆线虫
(Caenorhabditis elegans)土壤 30—50 PVP 5 d 10 μg·L−1 1.15 μg·g−1 [33] 石牡蛎
(Saccostrea glomerata)人工海水 20±5 吐温20 7 d 125 μg·L−1 (1.42 ± 0.03) μg·g−1 [34] 沙蚕
(Nereis diversicolor)沉积物 <100 PVP 10 d 50 μg·g−1 (8.56 ± 6.63) μg·g−1 [35] 杜氏阔沙蚕
(Platynereis dumerilii)人工海水 13.1±3.7 腐殖酸 24 h 200 μg·L−1 (28 ± 5) μg·g−1 [36] 贻贝
(Mytilus galloprovincialis)SW 5.08±2.03 PVP/PEI 21 d 10 μg·L−1 0.73 μg·g−1 [37] 培养环境:M4-Elendt M4培养基,M7-Elendt M7 培养基,Volvic-矿泉水,SW-自然过滤海水. 涂层:CIT-柠檬酸盐,PVP-聚乙烯比咯烷酮,PEI-聚乙烯亚胺. 表中单个暴露浓度仅是用于该生物累积量所对应的暴露浓度.
Cultivation environment: M4-elendt M4 medium, M7-elendt M7 medium, Volvic-mineral water, SW-naturally filtered seawater. Coating: CIT-citrate, PVP-polyvinyl pyrrolidone, PEI-polyethyleneimine. The single exposure concentration in the table is only used for the exposure concentration corresponding to the bioaccumulation.表 3 AgNPs对无脊椎动物急性毒性数据
Table 3. Acute toxicity data of AgNPs to invertebrates
受试生物
Tested organism培养环境
Cultivation environment粒径/nm
Size涂层
Coating暴露时长
Exposure durationEC50/LC50 文献
Refs.大型溞
(Daphnia magna)AFW 47.7±8 CIT 48 h EC50 = 0.141 mg·L−1 [39] 水蚤
(Daphnia)实验湖水 30—50 PVP 24 h LC50 = (34—292) μg·L−1 [43] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)BBM 45.2±0.2 PVP 24 h LC50 = 24.97 μg·L−1 [44] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)M4 8.6±3 CIT 48 h EC50 = (110±9.3) μg·L−1 [45] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)ASTM 3—8 烷烃 24 h EC50 = 13.64 μg·L−1 [46] 盔形溞
(Daphnia galeata)MHW 56.6±10.1 PVP 48 h EC50 = 35.51
(CI:34.06—37.02) μg·L−1[47] 隆线蚤
(Daphnia carinata)ASTM 30 络氨酸 48 h LC50 = 35.48
(CI: 29.02—42.19) μg·L−1[48] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)M7 21.73±0.94 CIT 48 h LC50 = 34.27 μg·L−1 [28] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)M7 50±0.5 CIT 48 h LC50 = 0.078 mg·L−1 [49] 硬壳蛤
(Mercenaria mercenaria)ASW 21.5±0.1 CIT 24 h LC50=1050
(CI: 900—1360) μg·L−1[50] 夹杂带丝蚓
(Lumbriculus variegatum)水 15.16±3.06 吐温20 96 h LC50 = 0.51
(CI: 0.45—0.56) mg·L−1[51] 盐卤虫
(Artemia salina)ASW <100 PVP 72 h EC50 = (10.7±1.3) mg·L−1 [52] 埃及伊蚊
(Aedes aegypti)水 22.3—34.4 生物合成 48 h LC50 = 44.77 mg·L−1 [53] 埃及伊蚊
(Aedes aegypti)水 25.9—28.9 生物合成 24 h LC50 = 37.87
(CI: 4.91—158.15) mg·L−1[54] 培养环境:AFW-OECD 202人工淡水,BBM-Bold’s Basal Medium 培养基,M4-Elendt M4培养基,ASTM-美国材料与试验协会培养基,MHW-中等硬度水,M7-Elendt M7 培养基, ASW-人造海水. 涂层:CIT-柠檬酸盐,PVP-聚乙烯比咯烷酮. CI:为95%置信区间,未标注CI的则在原文献中没有标出置信区间.
Cultivation environment: AFW-OECD 202 artificial fresh water, BBM-bold's basal medium, M4-elendt M4 medium, ASTM-american society for testing and materials medium, MHW-medium hard water, M7-elendt M7 medium, ASW-artificial seawater. Coating: CIT-citrate, PVP- polyvinyl pyrrolidone. CI: 95% Confidence intervals. Unlabeled CI were not marked with confidence intervals in the original literature.表 4 AgNPs对无脊椎动物毒性的主要影响因素
Table 4. Main influencing factors of AgNPs toxicity to invertebrates
受试生物
Tested organism影响因素
Influencing factor结果
Result文献
Refs.黄粉虫
(Tenebrio molitor)涂层 CIT涂层摄取和消除效率低于石蜡和PVP涂层 [76] 粉正蚓
(Lumbricus rubellus)涂层 毒性:BSA>PVP>Chit [29] 淡水钩虾
(Gammarus fossarum)涂层 毒性:CIT>PEG [77] 端足虫
(Hyalella-azteca)涂层 毒性:CIT>PVP [78] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)涂层、粒径 毒性:40 nm>110 nm;CIT>PVP [44] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)粒径 毒性:10 nm>20 nm>40 nm>60 nm>80 nm [39] 铜锈环棱螺
(Bellamya aeruginosa)粒径 毒性:40 nm、80 nm>20 nm [24] 秀丽隐杆线虫
(Caenorhabditis elegans)形貌 毒性:纳米银颗粒>纳米银板>纳米银线 [79] 盔形溞
(Daphnia galeata)形貌 毒性:纳米银板>纳米银颗粒>纳米银线 [47] 大型溞
(Daphnia magna)环境 富磷食物、藻类可以降低纳米银毒性 [80] 水蚤
(Daphnia)环境 纳米银毒性随天然有机物的增加而下降 [81] 土壤线蚓
(Enchytraeus crypticus)环境 乙酰半胱氨酸可以降低纳米银毒性 [82] 盐卤虫
(Artemia salina)环境 温度升高、盐度下降提高纳米银毒性 [83] 贻贝
(Mytilus galloprovincialis)环境 银积累量,秋季高于春季 [37] 大型蚤
(Daphnia magna)途径 毒性:饮食途径>水体途径 [28] 白玉蜗牛
(Achatina fulica)途径 毒性:饮食途径>土壤途径 [17] 涂层:CIT-柠檬酸盐,PVP-聚乙烯比咯烷酮,BSA-牛血清白蛋白,Chit-壳聚糖,PEG-聚乙二醇.
Coating: CIT-citrate, PVP- polyvinyl pyrrolidone, BSA-bovine albumin, Chit-chitosan, PEG-polyethylene glycol. -
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