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抗生素的大量生产及滥用日益威胁着人类的健康,尤其由细菌耐药性引起的疾病感染,已在地表水、地下水、饮用水等水环境中检出[1]. 电芬顿技术因绿色、高效成为了具有前途和环境友好的抗生素治理技术. 与传统芬顿工艺不同,电芬顿技术不易产生铁泥、即产即用,阴极原位合成的H2O2可消除试剂运输存储风险,其参与芬顿反应产生的羟基自由基(·OH)标准氧化还原电位(E0=2.80 V)次于氟(E0=3.05 V)[2],可去除60%—100%的有机污染物[3]. 气体扩散电极(gas diffusion electrodes, GDEs)能高效累积H2O2的优选阴极,近年来已广泛应用于电芬顿降解水中有机污染物[4-6]. 因此,本综述主要概述了电芬顿基本原理, 并基于气体扩散阴极的改性和反应装置的优化这两个方面阐述如何对电芬顿技术进行改性以提升其对有机污染物的去除效率, 重点论述了基于气体扩散阴极的电芬顿工艺在去除水中抗生素的应用, 并在此基础之上展望了电芬顿发展趋势.
基于气体扩散电极的电芬顿技术去除水中抗生素的研究进展
Research progress on antibiotics removal in wastewater by electro-Fenton based on gas diffusion electrodes
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摘要: 最大限度地减少抗生素对环境的负面影响是一项巨大的挑战,而高效产H2O2的气体扩散电极(gas diffusion electrodes,GDEs)在电芬顿技术去除水中抗生素中具有很大的需求. GDEs作为电芬顿阴极对H2O2的电合成有更高的氧利用率、低能耗和高成本效益,已在抗生素废水处理的关键基础研究中得到了很好的发展. 在本文中,介绍了电芬顿-H2O2法的基本原理,重点关注了GDEs作为电芬顿阴极的研究现状,并着重分析改性方式. 同时,对GDEs与反应器装置组合的H2O2合成效率进行总结. 此外,研究了通过GDEs高效合成H2O2的电芬顿体系对水中磺胺类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类和四环素类等四大类抗生素的去除效果和降解机制,为GDEs应用于电芬顿体系的深入研究提供参考. 最后,分析和展望了GDEs在H2O2生产和水处理的应用前景.Abstract: Minimize the negative impact of antibiotics to the environment is a huge challenge, high efficiency H2O2 production of gas diffusion electrode (GDEs) is in great demand for the removal of antibiotics from water by electro-Fenton technology. As an electro-Fenton cathode, GDEs has a higher oxygen utilization rate, low energy consumption and low costfor the electrosynthesis of H2O2. Ithas been well developed in the key basic research of antibiotic wastewatertreatment. In this review, we introduce the basic principle of electro-Fenton-H2O2 method, focus on the research status of GDEs as electro-Fenton cathode, and analysis the modification methods of cathode. At the same time, the H2O2 synthesis efficiency of GDEs combined with reactor unit was summarized. In addition, we studied the removal effect and degradation mechanism of sulfonamides, quinolones, β-lacamides and tetracyclines in water by electro-Fenton system with high efficiency synthesis H2O2 by GDEs, so as to provide a reference for further study of the application of GDEs in electro-Fenton system. Finally, the application of GDEs in H2O2 production and water treatment is analyzed and prospected.
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Key words:
- electro-Fenton /
- air diffusion cathode /
- hydrogen peroxide /
- antibiotics
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表 1 近5年内GDEs产H2O2的研究
Table 1. Studies on H2O2 production by GDEs in recent five years
电极类型
Electrode运行参数
Operating parameterH2O2产量(时间)
H2O2 yield (time)参考文献
References硝酸修饰CB-PTFE-不锈钢网 3 mA·cm−2,O2=2 L·min−1 104 mg·L−1 (120 min) [39] N/S修饰CB-PTFE-不锈钢网 25 mA·cm−2,O2=0.4 L·min−1 7.95 mg·(h∙cm−2)−1(150 min) [31] N修饰PC/CB-PTFE-不锈钢网 20 mA·cm−2,O2=0.6 L·min−1 546.82 mg·(h∙cm−2) −1(120 min) [40] CNT-PTFE-不锈钢网 7 mA·cm−2,O2=0.4 L·min−1 118.2 mg·L−1 (90 min) [41] 叔丁基蒽醌-CNT-PTFE-不锈钢网 7 mA·cm−2,O2=0.4 L·min−1 150.6 mg·L−1 (90 min) [41] AC-PTFE-不锈钢网 −0.8 V vs Ag·AgCl,O2=0.07 L·min−1 70 mg·L−1 (120 min) [41] CB-PTFE-镍网 7.2 mA·cm−2 3.17 mg·(h∙cm−2)−1 (150 min) [14] CoS2/MWCNT-GDE 100 mA·cm−2,O2=0.5 L·min−1 56.9 mmol·L−1 (180 min) [42] Gr/CNT-海绵 -1.3 V vs SCE,O2=2.5 L·min−1 376 mg·L−1 (60 min) [43] CB-PTFE-海绵 -2 V vs Ag/AgCl 177.9 mg·L−1 (90 min) [13] NCB/CNT-PTFE-活性碳布 57 mA·cm−2,O2=1.5 L·min−1 42.15 mg·(h∙cm−2)−1 (120 min) [23] PC-全氟化树脂-活性碳毡 20 mA·cm−2 8.5 mg·(h∙cm−2)−1 (120 min) [44] Gr-全氟化树脂-碳布 1.25 mA·cm−2,O2=0.2 L·min−1 2.81 mg·(h∙cm−2)−1 (120 min) [45] MWCNTs/CB-PTFE-石墨毡 12 mA·cm−2,O2=0.6 L·min−1 309 mg·L−1 (120 min) [28] CB-PTFE-石墨毡 240 mA·cm−2 101.67 mg·(h∙cm−2)−1 (120 min) [22] N-Gr/CB-PTFE-石墨毡 7 mA·cm−2,O2=0.3 L·min−1 301.252 mg·L−1 (120 min) [46] 2%二甲基硅油/CB-PTFE-石墨毡 110 mA·cm−2,O2=0.1 L·min−1 131.3 mg·L−1 (120 min) [47] Gr-PTFE-脱脂棉 -1.1 V vs SCE,O2=2 L·min−1 567 mg·L−1 (60 min) [21] CB-PTFE 4 mA·cm−2 345 mg·L−1 (60 min) [27] 表 2 磺胺类抗生素的去除
Table 2. Removal of sulfonamide antibiotics
目标污染物
Targeted contaminants
运行参数
Operating parameters
去除性能/(mg∙(min∙A−1)−1)
Removal property
参考文献
References
甲氧苄啶
20 mg∙L−1阳极:BDD,阴极:GDE,
Fe2+=20 mg∙L−1,pH=32.7 [59] 磺胺
239 mg∙L−1阳极:BDD,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.5 mmol∙L−1,pH=38.0 [78] 磺胺嘧啶
10 mg∙L−1阳极:BDD,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.2 mmol∙L−1,pH=30.8 [31] 磺胺噻唑
10 mg∙L−1阳极:BDD,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.2 mmol∙L−1,pH=30.5 [31] 磺胺二甲氧嘧啶
10 mg∙L−1阳极:BDD,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.2 mmol∙L−1,pH=30.3 [31] 磺胺二甲基嘧啶
193 mg∙L−1阳极:BDD,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.5 mmol∙L−1,pH=31.2 [79] 磺胺二甲基嘧啶
14 mg∙L−1阳极:DSA/RuO2–IrO2,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.3 mmol∙L−1,pH=38.0 [68] 磺胺二甲基嘧啶
84 mg∙L−1阳极:DSA/RuO2–IrO2,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.3 mmol∙L−1,pH=33.5 [68] 表 3 β-内酰胺类抗生素的去除
Table 3. Removal of β-lactam antibiotics
目标污染物
Targeted contaminants
运行参数
Operating parameters
去除性能/(mg∙(min∙A−1)−1)
Removal property
参考文献
References
阿莫西林
50 mg∙L−1阳极:MMO,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.3 mmol·L−1, pH=34.6 [14] 阿莫西林
50 mg∙L−1阳极:BDD,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.3 mmol·L−1,pH=32.2 [82] 阿莫西林
100 mg∙L−1阳极:Ti/SnO2-Sb,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.5 mmol·L−1,pH=38.2 [28] 表 4 喹诺酮类抗生素的去除
Table 4. Removal of quinolone antibiotics
目标污染物
Targeted contaminants
运行参数
Operating parameters
去除性能/(mg∙(min∙A−1)−1)
Removal property
参考文献
References左氧氟沙星
68.3 mg∙L−1阳极:Ti/RuO2–IrO2,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.2 mmol·L−1,pH=30.4 [86] 环丙沙星
30 mg∙L−1阳极:镀铂钛板,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.1 mmol·L−1,pH=2.50.5 [88] 恩诺沙星
158 mg∙L−1阳极:BDD,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.5 mmol·L−1,pH=33.9 [89] 环丙沙星
10 mg∙L−1阳极:DSA,阴极:OCNTs/FeOCl@NGDE,
pH=30.1 [87] 诺氟沙星
31.9 mg∙L−1阳极:BDD,阴极:CoFe-LDH@GDE,
pH=33.2 [90] 表 5 四环素类抗生素的去除
Table 5. Removal of terracycline antibiotics
目标污染物
Targeted contaminants
运行参数
Operating parameters
去除性能/(mg∙(min∙A)−1)
Removal property
参考文献
References
四环素
50 mg∙L−1阳极:Pt,阴极:GDE
FeS2=0.75 g,pH= 77.4 [40] 四环素
50 mg∙L−1阳极:Ti/RuO2–IrO2,阴极:Cu/Fe-GDE,
pH= 31.3 [92] 四环素
20 mg∙L−1阳极:Pt,阴极:CuFeO2-NO/PBC-GDE,
pH= 50.07 [93] 四环素
20 mg∙L−1阳极:DSA,阴极:GDE
Fe2+=0.3 mmol·L−1,pH= 32.1 [72] -
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