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随着科技及城市化与工业化水平的飞速发展,工业用水量大幅增加,约占总用水量的30%,工业用水中有80%用来冷却运行设备。为充分有效地利用水资源,须将冷却水循环使用,故称为循环冷却水[1]。而电厂中的循环冷却水用量几乎占全厂总用水量的97%以上[2]。目前,电厂中的冷却系统一般为开式循环系统,循环冷却水在与空气接触的条件下长期运行,水分不断蒸发,使水中存在的各种无机离子和有机物质富集浓缩。其中,浓度不断增加的硬度离子(主要是Ca2+和Mg2+)会导致系统结垢、腐蚀和微生物的大量滋生等[3],对冷却塔的热性能产生严重的负面影响。因此,硬度离子的浓度必须低于在传热表面结垢的最低浓度,这就需要运行过程中连续更换部分循环水,从而导致较高硬度的废水大量排放。通过去除或降低水中硬度离子的浓度,可以增加冷却水的循环次数,减少补充水量,有效减少冷却塔运行过程中产生的循环排污水量。因此,降低循环冷却水的硬度至关重要[4]。
去除水中硬度的主要方法包括膜分离法、反渗透法、离子交换法、加药软化法和电絮凝法等[5-8]。电絮凝法处理废水是利用阳极金属的溶出发生水解-聚合反应,产生具有强吸附能力的絮凝体,络合吸附水中污染物并聚集成团,通过沉降或气浮分离使污染物得到去除。电絮凝法具有去除污染物种类多(如大分子有机物、重金属离子、氟离子等)、效率高、适用pH范围广、装置紧凑、占地面积小等优势。电絮凝法可对多种水(如饮用水、工业过程水、反渗透水和海水等[8-11])进行软化,但将其应用于去除电厂冷却塔循环冷却水中结垢物质的研究较少。SCHULZ等[12]研究了电絮凝体系中铝和铁电极对电厂冷却塔排污水中的Ca2+和Mg2+的去除率,结果表明铝电极比铁电极对Ca2+和Mg2+有更好的去除率,电絮凝反应中生成2 mmol·L−1的铝可以去除20%~40%的Ca2+和Mg2+。HAFEZ等[13]研究了在电絮凝体系中使用铝、铁、锌电极对去除水中硬度离子和SiO2的影响,认为Al电极比Zn和Fe电极更有效地从电厂冷却塔排污水中去除硬度离子,对总硬度去除率可达到55.4%。如何进一步提高电絮凝过程对硬度的去除率,仍然有待进一步的研究。同时,不同水质对电絮凝的影响较大,因此,对不同来源的水进行电絮凝去除硬度效果的研究也具有重要意义。
本研究采用铝板电絮凝法去除某电厂冷却塔循环冷却水中的硬度,利用阳极电解产生铝离子,通过絮凝作用去除Ca2+和Mg2+等;为提高水中总硬度的去除率,对电絮凝过程中的影响因素包括电流密度、电解时间、溶液初始pH等进行研究;同时,对电絮凝过程中Ca2+和Mg2+等离子的去除机理也进行了探讨。
电絮凝对电厂循环冷却水中硬度的去除
Removal of hardness from circulating cooling water of power plant by electrocoagulation
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摘要: 以某电厂冷却塔循环冷却水为处理对象,利用电絮凝法,以铝板为牺牲阳极去除水中的Ca2+和Mg2+,分别考察了电絮凝过程中不同电流密度、电解时间、溶液初始pH、阳极极板数量对总硬度去除率的影响。结果表明:增加电流密度、延长电解时间有利于Ca2+和Mg2+的去除;当电流密度为10 mA·cm−2,电解时间为90 min时,Ca2+和Mg2+去除率分别达到93.5%和95.8%,总硬度去除率为94.6%;相对于酸性和中性条件,碱性条件更有利于Ca2+和Mg2+的去除,当初始pH为10时,Ca2+和Mg2+去除率分别达到85.4%和97.7%,总硬度去除率为93.5%;随极板数量的增加,Ca2+和总硬度去除率均有所提高;投加Na2CO3有利于Ca2+和总硬度的去除。上述结果可为进一步提高电絮凝过程中总硬度的去除率提供参考。Abstract: The removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from circulating cooling water of power plant by electrocoagulation with the sacrificial aluminum anodes was studied in this work. The effects of current density, electrolysis time, initial pH and number of anodes on hardness removal in the electrocoagulation process were investigated. The results showed that the increase of current density and the extension of electrolysis time were benefit for the removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+. At the current density of 10 mA·cm−2 and the electrolysis time of 90 minutes, the removal efficiencies of Ca2+, Mg2+ and hardness were 93.5%, 95.8% and 94.6%, respectively. Compared with neutral and acidic conditions, alkaline condition was more benefit for the removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+. At the initial pH=10, the removal efficiencies of Ca2+, Mg2+ and hardness were 85.4%, 97.7% and 93.5%, respectively. With the increase of the number of anodes, the removal efficiencies of Ca2+ and hardness increased. The addition of sodium carbonate was also benefit for the removal of Ca2+ and hardness. The above results provide a reference and basis for further increasing the removal efficiency of hardness by electrocoagulation.
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Key words:
- electrocoagulation /
- Ca2+ /
- Mg2+ /
- total hardness /
- circulating cooling water
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