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莠去津(atrazine, 2-氯-4-乙胺基-6-异丙胺基-1,3,5-三嗪)是一类被广泛应用在玉米、甘蔗和高粱等作物中的三嗪类除草剂,据估计,2001年的使用量为3.5×107 t[1]。莠去津长时间施用会造成接茬种植的蔬菜、大豆等死苗[2],进入水体会危害人类及水生生物等生长[3]。地下水和饮用水中经常检测到该农药,已被美国环保署确定为潜在致癌物、内分泌干扰物和持久毒性化合物[4-5]。我国化学合成农药的产量较低,平均产量不到40%,其他原料、中间体或副产品均以“三废”的形式排放,导致莠去津生产废水中不仅具有高浓度合成原料(三聚氯氰、异丙胺、甲苯)和合成中间体(乙胺等),还具有高含盐量和强碱性的特点[6]。这些特点不仅对处理装置、管路的运行造成负担,更对后续传统生化处理造成极大困难。
目前,此类实际生产废水处理技术的详细报道很少见,研究对象主要是实验室模拟废水。ARELLANO等[7]用光芬顿和光催化技术降解初始浓度为35 mg·L−1的纯莠去津溶液,得到72%的矿化率。而实际生产废水呈强碱性,使用芬顿法须加入大量化学试剂进行中和,增加系统负荷的同时还可能导致二次污染;有研究考虑筛选可降解莠去津的菌株,如ZHU等[8]将筛选得到的菌株Arthrobacter sp. strain HB-5引入0.3%含盐废水样品中,初步实现了莠去津的半衰期低于7 d的降解效果;也有研究[9]筛选出耐盐的(3%~14%含盐量)莠去津降解菌。然而实际生产废水中的含盐量均在5%~20%,再加之废水可生化性差,毒性大,对各种微生物处理方法都具有很大挑战。
光催化氧化法作为一种处理高浓度难降解有机废水的方法,近40年来被广泛研究和应用。该方法产生的羟基自由基(·OH)是一种强氧化物质,具有2.8 V标准电极电势,可对污染物迅速降解[10-14]。但·OH的选择性低,这就意味着有机物和其他共存物之间存在竞争反应[10, 15]。莠去津生产废水含盐量高,水中的氯离子会与有机物竞争·OH,使得降解效率受到影响,这种竞争作用在其他高级氧化体系(如UV/O3、钴/过氧硫酸盐和UV/TiO2等)中也有体现[16-18]。针对这些问题,本研究制备了活性炭负载三价铁催化剂(AC-Fe3+),并将其与光解臭氧法(UV/O3)结合,开发了能够有效降解莠去津生产废水的方法,对催化剂投加量、紫外功率、曝气强度3个因素进行了优化,并从理论上探索负载型光催化氧化(UV/O3/AC-Fe3+)体系对莠去津废水的降解机理及吸附降解动力学。
活性炭负载三价铁光催化臭氧氧化降解莠去津生产废水
Atrazine manufacturing wastewater treatment by photocatalytic ozonization with activated carbon supported ferric iron
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摘要: 莠去津(atrazine)是一种广泛使用的除草剂,其生产废水具有高有机物浓度和高盐度等特点,处理难度大,为此针对性地开发和评价了活性炭负载三价铁催化剂(AC-Fe3+)光催化臭氧氧化对莠去津生产废水的降解效果,考察了催化剂投加量、紫外功率、曝气强度对该废水COD和NH3-N降解的影响,探究了负载型光催化氧化体系下的降解机理及吸附降解动力学。结果表明,加入AC-Fe3+催化剂后,降解效果得到显著的提升,AC-Fe3+可以有效延缓高盐对处理过程的不利影响。当催化剂投量为40 g·L−1,紫外线功率为14 W,曝气强度为800 L·h−1时,废水COD和NH3-N的去除率分别可以达到70.9%和87.7%。研究结果可为含高盐、高有机物工业废水的高效处理提供一种新思路。Abstract: Atrazine is a kind of widely used herbicide, its manufacturing wastewater was characterized as high concentration of organic compounds and high salinity, which causes difficulty in treatment. In this study, a catalyst of activated carbon supported ferric iron (AC-Fe3+) was developed for the photocatalytic ozonization of atrazine manufacturing wastewater, and its performance was evaluated. The effects of catalyst dosage, UV power, and aeration intensity on the degradation of COD and NH3-N were investigated, and the degradation mechanism and adsorption-degradation kinetics of the photocatalytic oxidation system were also analyzed. The results showed that the degradation effect was significantly improved by the photocatalytic oxidation system with AC-Fe3+, which could effectively mitigate the adverse effects of high salinity on the treatment process. Under the treatment conditions of catalyst dosage of 40 g·L−1, UV power of 14 w, and aeration intensity of 800 L·h−1, the removal rates of COD and NH3-N could reach 70.9% and 87.7%, respectively. The findings would provide a new approach for high efficient treatment of high-salinity and high organic loading industry wastewater.
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表 1 不同影响因素水平下莠去津废水COD降解反应速率常数
Table 1. Reaction rate constant of COD degradation in atrazine wastewater under different factors
影响因素 因素取值 k/min−1 R2 t0.5/min 紫外功率 7 W 0.005 1 0.983 135.91 14 W 0.006 7 0.990 6 103.45 21 W 0.004 4 0.932 1 157.53 28 W 0.002 8 0.890 8 247.55 催化剂投量 20 g·L−1 0.004 9 0.983 6 141.46 40 g·L−1 0.006 7 0.990 6 103.45 60 g·L−1 0.003 5 0.971 3 198.04 80 g·L−1 0.001 2 0.734 9 577.62 曝气量 200 L·h−1 0.004 5 0.959 7 154.03 400 L·h−1 0.005 0.982 2 138.63 800 L·h−1 0.006 7 0.990 6 103.45 1 200 L·h−1 0.007 0.992 7 99.02 -
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