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排水管道是城市的重要基础设施,其空间相对封闭,空气流通较差,易形成厌氧环境。在厌氧条件下,管壁生物膜中的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)可将污水中的
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$ 还原为S2−,并在水解作用下进一步形成HS−和H2S[1-4],这三者的总浓度通常大于10 mg·L−1[3,5],给污水管道的安全运行和周围环境带来严重的负面效应。H2S气相组分在扩散至管道气相空间后,会在管顶生物膜中硫氧化菌的作用下转化为硫酸,从而腐蚀混凝土管道[6],腐蚀速率可达10 mm·a−1[7-8]。H2S的毒性较强,在空气中浓度达到32.37~64.74 μg·L−1时,会造成工作人员中毒,甚至引发伤亡事件。部分硫化氢气体会通过检查井等设施扩散至外界,释放难闻的气味,影响居民的正常生活[9]。此外,污水中的S2−会抑制硝化细菌的活性,从而影响后续污水处理工艺的生物脱氮效果[10]。根据主要的作用机理,对污水管道中H2S气体的控制措施[11-12]主要分为4类:提高污水的氧化还原电位,抑制SRB的硫酸盐还原活性,如鼓风通气技术[13-14]、投加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐等[15-17];将已产生的S2−沉淀去除,如投加二价铁盐和三价铁盐等[18-19];提高污水的pH,降低液相中H2S分子的占比,减少H2S向气相的释放,如投加Mg(OH)2等[20];灭活管壁上的生物膜,降低S2−产率,如投加大量NaOH(提高pH至10~12)[21]、投加生物抑制剂等[22]。
SRB广泛分布于管道生物膜的表层与内部,渗透性能差的化学药剂难以对生物膜内部的SRB产生抑制作用。在抑制SRB活性的化学药剂中,硝酸盐在生物膜中的渗透性能更强,能够同时抑制生物膜表层与内部的SRB,降低SRB的硫酸盐还原活性[23]。此外,硝酸盐能够通过化学氧化和微生物的代谢作用去除已有的S2−等物质。鉴于上述优势,在控制污水管道腐蚀及H2S气体产生方面,硝酸盐已得到了广泛的应用。经过数十年的研究,学者们[15,23-28]在硝酸盐控制H2S气体的原理、效果与缺陷等方面取得了大量的研究成果。本文综述了近年来在排水管道中应用硝酸盐控制S2−的研究进展,介绍了硝酸盐的控制机理,分析了控制效果及相关的影响因素,同时对硝酸盐的消耗规律及其耗尽后SRB活性的恢复,硝酸盐对生物相的影响进行了总结,最后根据研究成果及所存在的问题对如何提高控制效果,减少副产物的产生提出一些建议和思考。
应用硝酸盐控制排水管道中H2S气体释放的研究进展
Research progress of H2S gas control by nitrate in the sewer
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摘要: 排水管道中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)代谢产生的S2−会导致H2S气体释放和管道腐蚀等问题,从而增加管道的维修费用,且威胁工人和居民的身体健康。抑制管道内S2−生成的措施以投加化学药物为主。在可投加的化学药物中,硝酸盐因易于应用、抑制效果较好、副作用小而被广泛应用和研究。围绕硝酸盐抑制S2−产生的原理、效能与影响因素、硝酸盐的消耗规律、硝酸盐对微生物群落的影响等4个方面,综述了应用硝酸盐控制S2−的研究进展,并根据研究成果和目前存在的问题提出未来的研究方向。Abstract: The sulfide (S2−) produced by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) metabolism in the sewer will lead to H2S gas release and pipeline corrosion, thus it will increase the maintenance cost of the pipelines, and furthermore threaten the health of workers and residents. The addition of chemicals is main technical measure to inhibit the formation of sulfide in sewer pipelines. Among the available chemicals, nitrate was widely used and studied for the reduction of H2S production due to its high inhibition efficiency and easy-to-use. In this study, the state of art of S2− controlled by nitrate was reviewed in the focus of the principle, the efficiency, influencing factors, nitrate consumption rules, as well as the effect of nitrate on the evolution of microbial community. In addition, the perspectives of this technology were also discussed here based on the current research progress and problems.
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Key words:
- sewer /
- H2S gas /
- nitrate /
- research progress
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表 1 实验室实验的控制参数及控制效果
Table 1. Control parameters and effect in the Laboratory experiments
表 2 现场试验的控制参数及控制效果
Table 2. Control parameters and effect in the Field experiments
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