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京津冀及周边地区的大气环境情况在全国范围内污染情况最为严重,针对该地区的大气污染情况,我国发布了《大气污染防治行动计划》与《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》两条国家政策对空气质量进行监督和治理,同时京津冀地区已采取多种措施提升大气环境质量。从2016—2017年跨年的一次重污染事件到2020年初,京津冀及周边地区主要大气污染物排放量大幅下降50%[1]。2020年疫情期间在管控措施下,京津冀地区平均经济活跃度比2019年同期下降12%以上[2]。邯郸市作为京津冀大气污染传输通道中的核心城市,已采取削煤、压减产能、减排、降尘等多种大气污染防治对策使得大气污染水平整体改善[3]。2020年年初,新冠疫情爆发,我国生产活动水平大幅度降低,大气污染物排放量也相应减少,这为研究邯郸市人类活动对大气环境的影响创造了机会
研究表明,邯郸市主要污染源为工业源,2016年工业排放的 SO2、NOx 、PM2.5、CO、VOCs 分别占总排放量的 74. 5%、54. 5%、30. 6%、76. 7%和 28. 1%[4]。2017年10月到2018年3月期间发生过3次重污染过程,其中都以细颗粒物污染为主,污染期间烟花燃放与有机气溶胶二次转化贡献较大[5]。邯郸市每年AQI值均在冬季采暖期达到最高,且首要污染物为PM2.5和PM10[6]。对2008年奥运会和2014年APEC会议期间排放控制措施对大气污染物浓度影响的研究可知,在排放控制措施下,大气颗粒物和气态污染物浓度可以出现较大幅度降低[7-8]。不过也有研究表明,节能减排并未使重污染天气消失[9],因为不利的气象条件和二次污染的加强会抵消一次污染物排放量降低的效果[10-11]。据姚祎等的研究可知,新冠疫情期间北京市空气质量在管控措施实施初期大气环境并未有明显的改善[12]。
2020年春节前后邯郸市大部分市区禁止燃放烟花爆竹,疫情期间,邯郸市及周边地区化石燃料燃烧也明显减少,汽车尾气排放也相对降低。本次研究对邯郸市疫情期间大气环境情况进行着重分析,分别与疫情爆发前、疫情一级防控结束后的大气情况以及2019年同期大气环境情况进行对比,分析疫情爆发前后及疫情期间减排活动下邯郸市大气污染特征。
邯郸市新冠疫情前后空气质量指数(AQI)对比与疫情防控期间大气污染特征分析
Comparison of air quality index (AQI) before and after COVID-19 in Handan City and analysis of air pollution characteristics during COVID-19 prevention and control
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摘要: 2020年初 COVID-19疫情爆发,我国采取一系列管控措施使大气污染物排放量明显降低。为了解疫情期间减排活动下邯郸市大气污染特征,采用统计学变量分析方法与特征雷达图对疫情爆发前(12月、1月)、疫情防控期间(2—4月)、疫情防控后(5月、6月)以及2019年同期大气污染情况进行对比分析。并进一步估算防控期间大气污染物的减排量,通过后向轨迹聚类分析气团的迁移轨迹来探讨人为减排对空气质量的影响。结果表明,2020年2月疫情管控开始后,环境空气质量与2019年同期相比明显好转,2月份AQI值降幅约为50%,3、4月份两年差距逐渐缩小;疫情防控期间较疫情爆发前空气质量也有较大幅度提升,防控结束后AQI值有小幅度回弹;防控期间PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO的日平均浓度值均有较大幅度下降,在2月份下降最为明显,降幅分别为51%、55%、62%、41%、33%;O3 8 h平均浓度与气温呈显著正相关(0.747),疫情期间浓度呈上升趋势,在4月底达到的峰值(238 μg·m−3)。北京市空气污染相对较轻,邯郸市与石家庄市较为严重,整体上受颗粒物的污染较明显。邯郸市2、3、4月份特征雷达图属于偏综合型,2月燃煤、生物质燃烧排放的污染物偏高,4月份来自工厂的NO2和SO2浓度偏高。疫情防控前期各污染物排放量均有较大幅度降低,与2019年2月的气团移动轨迹来源特征相似,说明人为减排对环境空气质量提升效果显著。
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关键词:
- COVID-19疫情 /
- 邯郸市 /
- 减排效应 /
- 空气质量.
Abstract: The COVID-19 epidemic have been broken out in early 2020, and China took a series of control measures to significantly reduce the emission of air pollutants during the epidemic. In order to understand their pollution characteristics in Handan city under the emission reduction during the epidemic period, statistical variable analysis method and characteristic radar map were used to analyzed the air pollution situation before the outbreak (December-2019 and January-2020), during the prevention and control period (February to April-2020), after the prevention and control period (May and June-2020) and compared with the same period of 2019. The impact of anthropogenic emission reduction on air quality was discussed through backward trajectory clustering analysis of air mass migration trajectory. Our results showed that after the outbreak control began in February-2020, the air quality was significantly improved compared with the same period in February-2019. The AQI value was decreased by approximately 50% in February, and the gap between March and April gradually narrowed.During the prevention and control period in February, the average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO were decreased significantly as 51%, 55%, 62%, 41%, and 33%, respectively. During in these period, mean concentration of O3 for 8 h was significantly positively correlated with air temperature (0.747). O3 concentration was increased during the epidemic period and reached the peak at the end of April (238 μg·m−3). On the whole, air pollution by particulate matter is more obvious. The characteristic radar map of Handan city in February, March and April is relatively comprehensive. During February, the pollutants discharged from coal burning and biomass combustion are on the high side, while the NO2 and SO2 concentration from factories is on the high side in April. In the early stage of epidemic prevention and control, the emission of all pollutants were decreased significantly, which was similar to the air mass movement trajectory and source characteristics in February-2019, indicating that man-made emission reduction had a significant impact on the improvement of air quality.-
Key words:
- COVID-19 epidemic /
- Handan City /
- abatement effect /
- atmosphere quality
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表 1 2019与2020年不同疫情阶段AQI均值与峰值对比
Table 1. Comparison of AQI averages at different epidemic stages in 2019 and 2020
年份
Year12月—1月 2月—4月 5月—6月 平均值
Average峰值
Peak重度及以上
Severe and above平均值
Average峰值
Peak重度及以上
Severe and above平均值
Average峰值
Peak重度及以上
Severe and above2019 149.60 313 14 d 120.45 388 12 d 124.69 206 1 d 2020 156.76 384 19 d 84.61 223 2 d 105.21 201 1 d 表 2 2020年2月邯郸市各污染物排放浓度估计值与实际值对比
Table 2. Comparison between the estimated emission concentration of pollutants and the actual value in Handan City in February 2020
PM2.5/(μg·m−3) PM10/(μg·m−3) SO2/(μg·m−3) CO/(mg·m−3) NO2/(μg·m−3) 估算排放浓度 148.56 186.15 9.53 1.70 36.92 实际排放浓度 67.79 98.31 8.00 1.12 23.72 减排估算浓度 80.77 87.84 1.53 0.58 13.19 减排量占实际排放量比例 119.15% 89.35% 19.12% 51.79% 55.61% -
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