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污水处理行业的臭气主要产生于污水处理厂和污水收集管网泵站等环节,相关治理技术主要有吸收法、吸附法、燃烧法和生物法等[1]。其中,生物除臭技术因其环保、高效、低成本等优点在污水处理厂臭气处理领域得以应用[2]。生物滤柱与生物洗涤塔、生物滤池和生物滴滤塔等生物除臭技术相比,具有占地面积小、运行费用低、处理效率高和管理方便等特点[3-5],但在冬季低温条件下微生物代谢活性受到抑制,极易出现处理效果差、运行不稳定等问题。通过填料投加以增大滤柱有效生物量来提高处理效果是生物滤柱研究中较为重要的强化策略之一[6]。
生物除臭技术中的填料通常具备较好的持水性、良好的透气性和优异的比表面积,有利于微生物膜的形成和微生物的新陈代谢[7]。屈艳芬等[8]采用混合肥料、聚苯乙烯胶球体、活性炭、沸石为混合填料进行除臭实验,取得了良好的处理效果。端艳等[9]采用陶粒作为生物滤池中的填料,发现其对COD和氨氮有良好的去除效果。肖作义等[10]将树皮、活性炭和多孔空心球按照6:2:1的比例混合填充,对NH3和H2S的去除效果较好。刘桂臣等[11]考察了沸石-无烟煤双层滤料生物滤池处理污水的效果,结果表明,可获得良好的出水水质。单一填料生物除臭工艺的运行时间较长时会出现堵塞、透气性变差等问题[12],因此,开发高效、稳定的复合填料以提高生物滤柱的微生物量,成为强化低温环境下滤柱除臭运行效能的重要方式。
本研究通过搭建模拟喷淋-生物滤柱臭气处理工艺,以蜂窝煤渣、活性炭、蜂窝沸石和陶粒构建复合填料强化生物滤柱处理效能,选择污水处理厂主要恶臭气体硫化氢(H2S)和氨气(NH3)作为目标污染物,分析闽南地区(以厦门为例)冬季低温条件下混合填料生物滤柱对2种恶臭气体的去除效果,探究系统成功运行后,复合填料表面生物膜微生物的群落结构变化,并进行物料衡算以综合评估复合填料-生物滤柱的臭气处理效能,为冬季气候条件下闽南地区污水处理厂的臭气高效快速处理提供技术参考。
闽南地区低温下复合填料强化生物滤柱除臭及微生物分析
Efficiency and microbial analysis of deodorization process of biofilter enhanced by composite filler under low temperature in Southern Fujian
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摘要: 通过搭建复合填料-生物滤柱反应装置,在厦门冬季低温环境下开展复合填料(蜂窝煤渣、活性炭、蜂窝沸石和陶粒)强化生物滤柱除臭研究,分析了除臭微生物群落组成特性。复合填料-生物滤柱装置在启动运行15 d时其COD去除率达到85%以上且保持稳定,对H2S和NH3的最大去除率可分别达到91.77%和82.53%,表明挂膜成功。菌群分析结果表明:以H2S、NH3等臭气喷淋液为基质的生物滤柱驯化挂膜过程会降低微生物的丰度和多样性;菌属Thiothrix、Ferruginibacter、Burkholderiaceae、Tahibacter、Dinghuibacter、Cloacibacterium和Kosakonia是除臭过程的优势功能微生物和臭气成分降解的贡献者。本研究阐明了复合填料生物膜内功能菌属对H2S、NH3等臭气喷淋液有机质的生物降解/转化机制,并进行了物料平衡分析;复合填料-生物滤柱装置对H2S与NH3的平均去除率分别达到90.77%和72.53%,具有良好的生物除臭效果与运行稳定性。本研究可为南方低温季节的污水臭气治理提供技术参考和理论支撑。Abstract: The deodorization performance of the composite filler (honeycomb cinder, activated carbon, honeycomb zeolite and ceramsite) enhanced biological filter was studied under low temperature environment in Xiamen in winter, through the establishment of a compound filler-biological filter reaction device. After 15 days of operation, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of the composite packing biological filter column device reached more than 85% and remained stable. The maximum removal efficiencies of H2S and NH3 could reached 91.77% and 82.53%, respectively, indicating that the film was successfully attached. The results of bacterial community analysis showed that the domestication and membrane hanging process of biofilter column based on odor spray liquid such as H2S and NH3 would reduce the abundance and diversity of microorganisms. The genera of thiothrix, ferraginibacter, burkholderiaceae, tahibacter, dinghuibacter, cloacibacterium and kosakonia were the dominant functional microorganisms in the deodorization process and contributed to the degradation of odor components. In this study, the biodegradation / transformation mechanism of organic matter in odor spray liquid such as H2S and NH3 by functional bacteria in composite filler biofilm was clarified, and the material balance analysis was carried out. During operation, the average removal efficiencies of H2S and NH3 by the system reached 90.77% and 72.53%, respectively, indicating that the process had good biological deodorization effect and operation stability. This study can provide reference for the application of biological waste gas / odor treatment process in low-temperature season or cold area.
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表 1 运行阶段1(启动阶段)复合填料-生物滤柱对COD去除效率的变化
Table 1. Change of COD removal efficiency of composite packing biological filter column in operation stage 1 (start-up stage)
运行天数/d 进水COD/
(mg·L−1)出水COD/
(mg·L−1)COD
去除率/%3 160 68 57.50 6 168 60 64.29 9 180 64 64.44 12 250 28 88.80 15 228 28 87.72 -
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