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湖滨湿地是河流与湖泊的交互地带,是生物多样性丰富的地带和最广泛的栖息地,承担着重要的生态服务功能,同时也是重金属富集和转换的场所[1]。重金属作为典型的环境污染物之一,具有毒性大、难降解和生物富集等特点[2-3]。虽然被誉为“地球之肾”的湿地可以通过自身的物理、化学和生物作用对重金属进行吸附、固定和转化,但是当湿地系统内重金属达到一定浓度时就会对湿地系统及其动植物和微生物产生严重的生态毒性[4-5]。Yin等[6]研究指出,生物体过量摄入重金属会抑制自身生长,严重的甚至会导致器官衰变、机体失活;朱源等[7]研究指出,栖息地重金属污染是威胁候鸟生存的重要环境因素之一;马康等[8]研究发现,湿地沉积物释放的重金属可在植物体内富集,高浓度的重金属在植物体内将产生毒性效应,导致植物死亡,从而降低植物群落多样性。因此,研究湖滨湿地重金属污染状况、评价其生态风险对于湖滨湿地生态系统安全和生物多样性保护具有积极意义。
目前,滇池流域沉积物重金属研究多以滇池湖底沉积物和入湖河流沉积物为研究对象,缺乏对滇池河口湿地重金属污染状况的调查。李贝等[9]研究指出,滇池大多数表层沉积物中重金属含量高于当地土壤背景值;李仁英等[10]研究指出,盘龙江口滇池沉积物重金属污染都在中等程度以上;刘勇等[11]研究指出,滇池沉积物金属元素累积的主要因素是流域内工农业发展及污染物输入,且滇池北部沉积物中重金属污染有加重趋势;肖冬冬等[12]研究表明,滇池流域河流表层沉积物重金属出现随流向累积的现象。随着社会经济发展,晋宁已成为昆明市的一个区,城市居民增加,原来的农业用地已逐渐转变为城市用地,人类活动更加剧烈[13],东大河沿途接纳的污染物也相应增加,更容易在河口湖滨湿地富集和转换[14-15],对东大河湿地沉积物重金属研究可以反映城市化过程对河口湿地重金属污染的影响。东大河湿地是东大河与滇池交接的生态敏感带,生物多样性丰富,又是候鸟越冬湿地之一,而目前尚未有研究系统地对东大河湿地重金属污染情况进行调查。本文测定了东大河湿地表层沉积物重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr的含量,并对其污染特征展开研究,以期为东大河湿地重金属污染防治提供参考。
滇池东大河湿地沉积物重金属空间分异特征及生态风险评价
Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Dongda River wetland in Dianchi Lake
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摘要: 湖滨湿地是重金属富集和转换的场所。为了解滇池东大河湿地沉积物重金属的污染特征及环境风险,根据东大河湿地的水域特征采集了28个沉积物样品,采用原子吸收光谱仪火焰法测定Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr的含量,并分析其空间分布特征,使用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了湿地沉积物重金属的生态风险。结果表明,东大河湿地沉积物Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr的质量浓度分别是70.07—348.56、11.09—50.72、12.91—51.81、33.23—265.87、90.36—241.87 mg·kg-1。东大河湿地沉积物5种重金属的空间分布格局具有明显的规律性和相似性,5种重金属的平均含量均呈现出湿地中部>东部>西部的特征,在湿地水体入口附近积累,在人类活动频繁的区域和排水渠连通区出现高值区,人类活动是影响东大河湿地沉积物重金属差异的主要驱动因子。东大河湿地沉积物5种重金属在河流和排水渠入口处的个别样点达到中度污染和偏中度污染,其余大部分样点为轻度污染或无污染;单一重金属潜在生态风险指数表明Pb在河流入口附近达到中等生态危害,其他样点重金属均为轻微生态危害,综合潜在生态危害指数为轻微生态危害,湿地3个区域的综合潜在生态危害指数由大到小依次为:湿地中部>湿地东部>湿地西部。Abstract: The lakeside wetland is a place where heavy metals are enriched and converted. In order to understand the pollution characteristics and environmental risks of heavy metals in the sediments of the Dongda River Wetland in Dianchi Lake, 28 sediment samples were collected according to the water characteristics of Dongda River wetland. For the samples, the content of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cr was determined by the flame method of atomic absorption spectrometer, and the spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the sediments were analyzed. In addition, the ecological risk of heavy metals in wetland sediments was evaluated by geoaccumulation index method and potential ecological risk index method. The results indicated that the contents of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cr in Dongda River wetland are respectively 70.07—348.56, 11.09—50.72, 12.91—51.81, 33.23—265.87 and 90.36—241.87 mg·kg-1. The spatial distribution patterns of five heavy metals in Dongda River Wetland sediments have obvious regularities and similarities. The average content of the five heavy metals all present the characteristics of the central>the eastern>the western parts of the wetland. Heavy metals accumulate near the entrance of wetland water, and high-value areas appear in the areas of frequent human activities and drainage channels. Human activities are the main driving factors affecting the difference of heavy metals in the sediments in Dongda River wetland. 5 kinds of heavy metals in the sediments of Dongda River wetland detect moderately polluted and moderately to strongly at individual sample points at the entrance of rivers and drains, and most of the remaining samples points are unpolluted to moderately polluted or practically unpolluted. Pb of the single potential ecological risk detected moderate near river entrances, and other sample heavy metals are mild. The comprehensive potential ecological risk is a minor. Above all, comprehensive potential ecological risk of three areas in the wetland from large to small: the central wetland > wetland east > wetland west.
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Key words:
- wetland heavy metals /
- ecological risk assessment /
- Dongda River /
- Dianchi Lake
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表 1 地质累积指数(Igeo)与重金属污染水平分级
Table 1. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and corresponding pollution degree
Igeo <0 0—1 1—2 2—3 3—4 4—5 >5 污染级别 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 污染程度 无污染 轻度污染 偏中度污染 中度污染 偏重污染 重度污染 严重污染 表 2 重金属潜在生态风险分级
Table 2. Classification of potential ecological risk of heavy metals
$ {E}_{r}^{i} $ RI 40$ {E}_{r}^{i} < $ 轻微生态危害 RI<150 轻微生态危害 40 80$ \le {E}_{r}^{i} < $ 中等生态危害 150 RI<300$ \le $ 中等生态危害 80 160$ \le {E}_{r}^{i} < $ 强生态危害 300 RI<600$ \le $ 强生态危害 160 320$ \le {E}_{r}^{i} < $ 很强生态危害 RI 600$ \ge $ 很强生态危害 $ {E}_{r}^{i}\ge 320 $ 极强生态危害 表 3 重金属环境背景值(
)和毒性系数($ {C}_{n}^{i} $ )$ {T}_{r}^{i} $ Table 3. Heavy metals background values (
) and toxic response factors of heavy metals ($ {C}_{n}^{i} $ )$ {T}_{r}^{i} $ 元素
ElementZn Cu Ni Pb Cr /(mg·kg−1)$ {C}_{n}^{i} $ 81 25 29 32.5 67 $ {T}_{r}^{i} $ 1 5 5 5 2 表 4 东大河湿地沉积物重金属含量统计特征(mg·kg−1)
Table 4. Statistical characteristics of heavy metals in sediments of Dongda River Wetland(mg·kg−1)
指标
IndexZn Cu Ni Pb Cr 最大值 70.07 11.09 12.91 33.23 90.36 最小值 348.56 50.72 51.81 265.87 241.87 平均值 221.38 30.4 29.19 79.73 154 标准差 86.8 9.05 8.44 41.41 35.32 变异系数% 39.21% 29.78% 28.91% 51.93% 22.94% 云南省土壤背景值 80.5 33.6 33.4 36.0 57.6 中国南方水系沉积物背景值 81.0 25.0 29.0 32.3 67.0 表 5 典型湿地表层沉积物重金属含量(mg·kg−1)
Table 5. Content of heavy metals in surface sediments of typical wetland
研究区
Study areaZn Cu Ni Pb Cr 东大河湿地(本研究) 70.07—348.56 11.09—50.72 12.91—51.81 33.23—265.87 90.36—241.87 滇池[39] 128.00 86.60 — 78.20 113.00 草海湖滨带[40] 313.02 174.36 61.34 84.17 61.28 外海湖滨带[40] 165.09 148.24 52.31 70.24 51.10 滇池宝丰湿地[41] 225.75 91.00 47.00 69.75 101.00 阳宗海[42] 149.20 97.60 55.10 40.30 145.80 太湖竺山湾湿地[43] 269.61 176.78 183.09 30.12 160.24 巢湖[44] 142.04 27.67 35.53 56.00 168.24 云南省土壤背景值[31] 80.5 33.6 33.4 36.0 57.6 江苏省下蜀黄土背景值[43] 59.2 18.9 15.7 19.5 79.3 安徽省江淮流域土壤背景值[44] 53.2 24.9 25.0 25.9 69.4 “-”表示相关文献没有提供数据. No data are available in the literature. 表 6 东大河湿地沉积物重金属地质累积指数和污染等级
Table 6. Geoaccumulation index and pollution grade of heavy metals in sediments of Dongda River Wetland
采样点
Sampling siteIgeo值
Igeo valueIgeo等级
Igeo levelZn Cu Ni Pb Cr Zn Cu Ni Pb Cr 东大河湿地 0.87 −0.30 −0.58 0.72 0.62 1 0 0 1 1 湿地中部 1.23 −0.03 −0.38 1.05 0.76 2 0 0 2 1 湿地东部 0.60 −0.50 −0.65 0.28 0.50 1 0 0 1 1 湿地西部 0.04 −0.85 −0.96 0.17 0.38 1 0 0 1 1 表 7 东大河湿地沉积物重金属潜在生态危害系数(
)及综合潜在生态危害指数(RI)$ {E}_{r}^{i} $ Table 7. Potential ecological risk (
) and comprehensive potential ecological risk (RI) of heavy metals in sediments of Dongda River Wetland$ {E}_{r}^{i} $ 采样点
Sampling site$ {E}_{r}^{i} $ RI Zn Cu Ni Pb Cr 东大河湿地 2.73 6.08 5.03 12.34 4.60 30.79 湿地中部 3.52 7.37 5.74 15.50 5.08 37.21 湿地东部 2.28 5.29 4.77 9.10 4.25 25.68 湿地西部 1.54 4.16 3.87 8.46 3.91 21.94 -
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