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好氧颗粒污泥是多种功能微生物的聚集体[1]。与传统活性污泥相比,好氧颗粒污泥在污水处理系统中具有更优越的性能,如结构紧密、沉降性能良好、生物量高、功能微生物丰富、对有毒物质耐受性强、能有效去除污染物等[2]。因此,好氧颗粒污泥是目前关注最多的污水处理技术之一。已有研究[3-5]表明,好氧颗粒污泥往往需要在有选择压力的特定条件下形成,如水力调节、沉降时间、营养-饥饿更替、进水负荷调整等。这些特定条件会影响微生物群落的代谢机能[2],增加细菌胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的分泌[6],进而促进颗粒化进程。
根据Monod方程,底物质量浓度对微生物的生长至关重要,高质量浓度底物在功能微生物的积累中起关键作用[7]。同时,底物质量浓度也会影响EPS的分泌[6]。因此,高有机负荷(organic loading rate,OLR)被认为是快速促进颗粒形成的方法之一[8]。ZHANG等[9]的研究表明,在OLR为24 kg·(m3·d)−1和12 kg·(m3·d)−1条件下,7 h和24 h出现颗粒污泥。然而,高OLR容易引起好氧颗粒污泥系统运行不稳定,出水水质变差,严重时甚至引起颗粒解体[8]。MOY等[10]报道,在OLR为6 kg·(m3·d)−1条件下培养颗粒污泥,发现颗粒表现出以丝状菌为主的蓬松形态,会对颗粒沉降性能造成影响。LIU等[11]的研究同样表明,高OLR会引发丝状菌生长,导致颗粒沉降性能变差和生物量减少,进而对颗粒的长期稳定性造成影响。SCHWARZENBECK等[12]的研究表明,在OLR为5.9 kg·(m3·d)−1条件下,培养出的颗粒中丝状菌过度生长,降低了颗粒的沉降速度。因此,高OLR条件下有效控制丝状菌的生长对于维持好氧颗粒污泥系统的稳定性至关重要。目前对于丝状菌生长的控制策略包括延长沉淀时间、降低C/N比、提高溶解氧、改变碳源等[13-14]。高景峰等[7]在底物中加入蛋白胨,能够抑制颗粒污泥中丝状菌的生长。陈希等[15]也发现,蛋白胨能够有效抑制丝状菌的生长并使颗粒密实光滑。因此,研究蛋白胨对于丝状菌生长的影响,有助于提高颗粒污泥在高OLR下运行的稳定性。高OLR作为促进好氧颗粒污泥快速形成的有效手段,在处理高质量浓度有机污水方面具有广泛的应用前景[16]。然而,目前有关高OLR条件下好氧颗粒污泥的形成和稳定性的报道较为缺乏,尤其是在高OLR条件下丝状菌的生长特性及其控制策略方面。此外,高OLR条件下微生物群落结构特征也少有报道,尚需开展更为广泛深入的研究。
本研究在实验室规模的序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)中,采用递增负荷4.8~14.4 kg·(m3·d)−1的启动方式,培养好氧颗粒污泥,考察高OLR条件对好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定性能的影响,探究高OLR条件下丝状菌的生长规律及其控制策略,并进一步揭示微生物群落结构对于高OLR的响应,旨在为高负荷条件下控制系统内丝状菌生长并保持颗粒稳定性提供参考。
高有机负荷对好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定性能的影响
Effect of high organic loading rate on the formation and stability of aerobic granular sludge
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摘要: 为探究高有机负荷(organic loading rate,OLR)对好氧颗粒污泥在序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)中的形成和稳定性能的影响及高OLR条件下微生物群落结构的特征,采用连续监测方法对运行过程中颗粒污泥形貌、水质、沉降性能以及EPS的变化进行探究。结果表明:在OLR为14.4 kg·(m3·d)−1的条件下,颗粒化进程较快,43 d完成颗粒造粒;并且高OLR引起丝状菌在颗粒表面大量附着,造成颗粒沉降性能和水质处理能力不稳定;通过改变进水中蛋白胨的占比来抑制丝状菌生长,使好氧颗粒污泥系统重新恢复稳定;在此过程中,混合液悬浮固体质量浓度(mixed liquid suspended solids,MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体质量浓度(mixed liquid volatile suspended solids,MLVSS)随OLR的增加而增加,但受丝状菌增加的影响会下降,而在丝状菌消除之后,MLSS和MLVSS恢复增长;SVI随OLR的增加不断下降,而受丝状菌增加的影响会呈现上升趋势,在丝状菌消除后,颗粒沉降性能恢复,SV30/SV5在1.0左右波动;胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)受OLR和丝状菌影响较大,尤其是紧密结合型的EPS;恢复正常的颗粒污泥可高效去除进水中的COD、NH4+-N和TN,去除率分别为91.5%、92.0%和79.4%;采用MiSeq高通量测序的方法发现高OLR下好氧颗粒污泥中去除有机物和氮的优势菌门为Saccharibacteria、Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria;异养硝化、好氧反硝化菌丰度较高。由此可以看出,异养硝化-好氧反硝化可能是好氧颗粒污泥的主要脱氮方式。本研究结果可为SBR系统控制好氧颗粒污泥中丝状菌的生长,维持好氧颗粒污泥稳定性提供参考。Abstract: In order to study the effect of high organic loading rate (OLR) on the formation and stability of aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and the characteristics of microbial community structure under high OLR conditions, continuous monitoring method was used to explore the changes in granular sludge morphology, water quality, sedimentation performance and EPS during operation. The experimental results showed that under the high OLR condition of 14.4 kg·(m3·d)−1, the granulation process was fast and completed in 43 days. And high OLR stimulated the growth of filamentous bacteria attaching to the surface of granules, which resulted in the instability of sedimentation performance and effluent quality. Through changing the proportion of peptone in the influent, the growth of filamentous bacteria was inhibited and the aerobic granular sludge system recovered the stability. During this process, mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) and mixed liquid volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) increased with the increase of OLR, but decreased with the increase of filamentous bacteria. After filamentous bacteria were eliminated, both MLSS and MLVSS increased again. SVI decreased with the increase of OLR, while it showed an upward trend due to the effect of filamentous bacteria increasing. The sedimentation performance of granular sludge also recovered when filamentous bacteria were eliminated, and its SV30/SV5 fluctuated around 1.0. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fluctuated greatly under the influence of OLR and filamentous bacteria, especially for tightly bound EPS. The recovered granular sludge could effectively remove COD, NH4+-N and TN, and the corresponding removal efficiencies were 91.5%, 92.0% and 79.4%, respectively. Through MiSeq high-throughput sequencing method, it was found that Saccharibacteria, Bacteroides and Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria for removing organic matter and nitrogen in aerobic granular sludge at high OLR, and high abundance of heterotrophic nitrifying and aerobic denitrifying bacteria occurred. The main nitrogen removal mode of aerobic granular sludge was heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification. The results of this study can provide reference for SBR system to control the growth of filamentous bacteria in aerobic granular sludge and maintain the stability of aerobic granular sludge.
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表 1 人工配水组分
Table 1. Components of synthetic wastewater
配水组分 组分质量浓度/(g·L−1) 第Ⅰ阶段(1~26 d) 第Ⅱ阶段(27~51 d) 第III阶段(52~76 d) 乙酸钠CH3COONa 1.536±0.171 3.225±0.615 3.584±0.683 蔗糖C12H22O11 1.037±0.115 2.117±0.475 — 蛋白胨 — 0.21±0.04 1.25±0.2 NH4Cl 0.149±0.004 0.229±0.038 0.325±0.058 KH2PO4 15 15 15 K2HPO4 36 36 36 -
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