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好氧颗粒污泥(aerobic granular sludge,AGS)工艺是一种新型的污水处理技术,近年来已取得了丰硕的研究成果。污泥颗粒化后呈现出生物致密、相对密度大、沉降速度快等特点,具有自聚集趋势的微生物,在紧密空间中形成了由外至内的好氧、缺氧、厌氧的溶解氧质量浓度梯度,不同功能菌在微米空间内完成生物代谢并发挥着特定功能。好氧颗粒污泥反应器(aerobic granular sludge reactor,AGSR)在保持较高污泥质量浓度的同时,可以完成同步脱氮除磷及快速的泥水分离,无需额外的外回流系统及配套附属动力设施。相比传统生化工艺,AGSR能够减少占地面积25%~70%,节省能耗20%~50%,同时有效降低投资成本[1-4]。AGS工艺的诸多优势正吸引着众多研究者、应用方的关注。目前,该工艺已经从实验室研发阶段进入到工程化推广和应用阶段。
AGS技术目前应用最为广泛的为Nereda®工艺,截至2023年6月,Nereda®好氧颗粒污泥技术在世界范围投建并运行的污水处理设施已达到100座[5]。AGS工艺在国内的工程化应用进展相对缓慢,目前采用AGS工艺的污水处理工程案例屈指可数,具体项目信息见表1。
纵观国外所报道的成功案例,AGS工艺成功运行的工程项目大部分进水基质质量浓度较高,耗氧有机物(以COD计)为500~800 mg·L−1,且大量研究指出,AGS工艺更适合于含有较高污染物浓度废水的处理[6]。与国外情况不同,我国市政污水的进水污染物浓度普遍较低,尤其在长江以南地区,COD基本在100~300 mg·L−1,且雨季时期水质水量波动幅度较大。针对国内低浓度废水的广阔应用市场,以及国内外在AGS工艺处理低浓度废水领域研究应用的欠缺,因地制宜地探索研发一种处理低浓度进水污染物的AGSR将具有较好的应用前景。
基于此,本研究在中环水务下属某市政污水处理厂内设计搭建了一套日处理能力为500 m3·d−1的AGSR,通过调控运行参数、控制反应条件等措施,探索了AGS处理低浓度市政生活污水的最佳调试方法和运行模式,验证了该技术的处理效果以及运行的可靠性、稳定性和持久性,以期为低浓度市政生活污水处理应用AGS工艺的长效、节能、稳定运行提供技术支撑和保障。
好氧颗粒污泥工艺处理低浓度市政污水实现高效脱氮除磷
Achieving high efficiency phosphorus and nitrogen removal in low-strength municipal wastewater treatment with aerobic granular sludge process
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摘要: 为探索好氧颗粒污泥(aerobic granular sludge,AGS)工艺在低浓度市政污水处理中应用的可行性,本研究在中环水务下属某市政污水处理厂内搭建了处理规模为500 m3·d−1的好氧颗粒污泥反应器(aerobic granular sludge reactor,AGSR)。以污水厂低浓度实际市政污水为进水基质、接种厂区现有生化段絮状污泥,成功实现了污泥颗粒化。污泥平均粒径由33.85 μm增至158.25 μm,SVI30由118.42 mL·g−1降至45 mL·g−1。在不投加外部碳源和除磷药剂的情况下,AGSR出水化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、总氮、悬浮物平均质量浓度分别为19.4、0.26、0.28、11.7、4 mg·L−1,COD容积负荷率为4 m3·(m3·d)−1,实现了高效脱氮除磷。16S rRNA基因分析结果表明,运行期间与脱氮、除碳、除磷相关的功能菌为优势菌属。与厂内运行的A2/O工艺相比,采用AGS工艺可节省40%左右的运行电耗、100%的外加碳源和除磷药剂。以上研究结果可为AGS工艺在低浓度市政污水处理领域的推广和应用提供参考。Abstract: To explore the feasibility of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology to treat low-strength municipal wastewater, a facility of 500 m3·d−1 aerobic granular sludge reactor (AGSR) was set in a municipal treatment plant of General Water of China Co. Ltd.. The low-strength wastewater of the actual wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) was taken as influent and substrate of AGSR being inoculated the flocculent sludge in biochemical stage of this WWTP, and sludge granulation successfully occurred. The average diameter of the sludge increased from 33.85 μm to 158.25 μm, the SVI30 index decreased from 118.42 mL·g−1 to 45 mL·g−1. Without the addition of extra-carbon sources and dephosphorization agents, COD,
$ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N} $ , TP, TN and SS of AGSR effluent were 19.4, 0.26, 0.28 11.7 and 4 mg·L−1, respectively, and COD volumetric loading rates reached 4 m3·(m3·d)−1 , highly effective nitrogen and phosphorus removal realized. 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that the dominant bacterial genus belonged to the functional groups associated with denitrification, carbon removal, and dephosphorization during operation. In comparison with the A2/O process in this WWTP, AGSR could save 40% power consumption, and 100% external carbon source and dephosphorization agent. The above results can provide a reference for promotion and application of AGS process in the field of low-strength municipal wastewater treatment. -
表 1 国内AGS项目列表
Table 1. List of AGS projects in China
项目名称 进水水质/(mg∙L−1) 处理规模/(m3∙d−1) 运行
方式水质类别 COD NH4+-N TN TP 浙江海宁某污水处理厂 561.8* 28.3* 34.5* 2.5* 50 000 序批式 30%市政废水+70%工业污水 河南南阳某污水处理厂 175* 500 序批式 市政污水 浙江衢州污水处理厂 500 30 45 2.5 20 000 序批式 30%市政废水+70%工业污水 北京某再生水厂 250~450* 35* 80 000 序批式 市政污水 河北沧州某污水处理厂 250 35 40 6 25 000 连续式 市政污水 注: *为实际值,其他为设计值。 表 2 进出水水质
Table 2. The characteristics of influent and effluent mg∙L−1
水样 COD BOD5 NH4+-N TN TP SS pH 进水 ≤250 ≤120 ≤30 ≤40 ≤4.5 ≤150 6~9 出水 ≤50 ≤10 ≤5 ≤15 ≤0.5 ≤10 6~9 表 3 污泥样本信息
Table 3. Sludge sampling information
样本名称 取样日期 SVI/( mL·g−1) K0 2023-01-11 118.42 K1 2023-03-02 53.13 K2 2023-05-15 49.13 K3 2023-06-17 45.62 S3 2023-06-17 120.00 表 4 功能菌属水平相对丰度表
Table 4. Relative abundance of functional bacterium
功能分类 微生物属 相对丰度/% 参考
文献K0 K1 K2 K3 S3 AOB Ellin6067 1.58 1.88 1.42 0.72 1.2 [12] Nitrosomonas 0.07 0.06 0.12 0.09 0.06 [12] OB Nitrospira 0.38 0.55 1.04 0.73 1.1 [12] DNB unclassified_f_Comamonadaceae 2.48 1.04 1.84 1.15 0.45 [18] norank_f_Saprospiraceae 5.42 3.69 3.30 2.81 2.4 [14,18] Haliangium 1.00 0.77 0.65 0.22 0.3 [18] unclassified_f_Hyphomicrobiaceae 1.05 2.83 1.58 1.54 1.25 [18] Saccharimonadales 3.07 2.40 2.01 2.97 2.29 [19] Thermomonas 1.06 0.25 0.37 0.14 0.06 [19] PAOs norank_f_Gemmatimonadaceae 1.62 0.70 1.39 1.12 1.53 [20] DPAOs norank_f_Chitinophagaceae 0.24 1.29 0.33 0.12 0.20 [12] 水解菌 Haliangium 1.00 0.77 0.65 0.22 0.3 [12] Ferruginibacter 2.25 5.33 1.49 1.03 0.49 [12] unclassified_f_Xanthobacteraceae 0.57 0.47 0.94 1.90 1.49 [12] 发酵菌 Terrimonas 0.72 1.21 0.84 0.86 0.57 [15] g_norank_f_Caldilineaceae 1.66 2.97 2.36 5.09 2.44 [12] 表 5 部分AGS项目污染物去除列表
Table 5. List of nutrient removal in some full-scale AGS projects
项目名称
(地点)进水水质/(mg∙L−1) 出水水质/(mg∙L−1) 去除率/% COD∶TP COD∶TN HRT/h COD TP TN COD TP TN COD TP TN Epe(荷兰) 806.0 8.0 73 24.6 0.2 2.5 96.9 97.5 96.6 100.8 11.0 — Utrecht(荷兰) 622.0 8.0 64 26.0 0.5 5.0 95.8 93.8 92.2 77.8 9.7 22.6 Garmerwolde(荷兰) 506.0 6.7 49.4 64.0 0.9 6.9 87.4 86.6 86.0 75.5 10.2 22.8 Gansbaai(南非) 1265.0 19.0 115* 40.0 3.2 10.0 96.8 83.2 91.3 66.6 11.0 22.8 Österröd(瑞典) 261.0 5.0 53 50.1 1.8 17.9 80.8 64.0 66.2 52.2 4.9 26.7 Wolf Creek(美国) 430.0 6.0 — 31.0 1.8 3.9 92.8 70.0 — 71.7 — 20.9 Deodoro(巴西) 215.0 3.0 26* 41.5 1.3 4.6* 80.7 56.7 82.3 71.7 8.3 7.2 Ringsend(爱尔兰) 532.0** 5.8** 36.5** 46.0 1.0 6.9 91.4 82.8 81.1 91.7 14.6 14.1 衢州(中国) 500.0 ** 2.5** 45** 40.0** 1.0** 12.0 ** 92.0 60.0 73.3 200.0 11.1 6.0 本项目 271.8 6.8 31 19.4 0.28 11.7 92.9 95.9 62.3 39.8 8.8 6.0 注: *为凯式氮数据; **为设计值。 表 6 污水处理厂生化系统运行设备功率明细表
Table 6. List of electrical equipment for biochemical system in the wastewater treatment plant
设备
名称装机
数量/台运行
数量/台单机
功率/kW总功率/
kW功率
占比/%鼓风机 6 2 600 1200 53.86 搅拌机 16 16 10 160 7.18 推流器 16 16 5.5 88 3.95 推流器 16 16 7.5 120 5.39 推流器 16 16 7.5 120 5.39 内回流泵 32 24 7.5 180 8.08 外回流泵 24 16 18.5 296 13.28 刮泥机 32 32 2 64 2.87 合计 2 228 100.00 -
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