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生物质能是仅次于石油、煤炭和天然气的世界第四大能源,具有可再生和环境友好的双重属性[1-3]。生物质燃料是生物质能最直接的利用方式。随着我国“双碳”目标的提出,生物质燃料将迎来更广阔的发展空间。尽管生物质燃料具有可再生和环境友好的优势,但其在锅炉燃烧利用过程中仍会产生一定浓度的烟尘、NOx和SO2等大气污染物[4]。其中,因其生成机理复杂、脱硝成本高等因素,NOx的治理已成为生物质锅炉烟气治理的重点和难点。针对生物质锅炉烟气大气污染物,尤其NOx排放进行严格管控具有重要的现实和环境意义。
与实验室研究相比,数值模拟具有低成本、简单、快捷等优势,成熟的模拟软件可较准确地描述整个流场参数[5]。国内外已有学者将数值模拟应用于生物质锅炉研究中。ZHANG等[6]利用FLIC和FLUENT模拟生物质锅炉内的燃烧过程,发现生物质燃料产生的CO2和NOx更少,可通过减少空气量来减少污染物的产生。JAKOV等[7]在以生物质、垃圾为燃料的焚烧炉内进行SNCR脱硝模拟,验证了以尿素为还原剂的脱硝效率较好,计算结果贴合实际情况。SEYED等[8]利用数值模拟研究了生物质锅炉烟气SNCR脱硝中还原剂氨的喷射高度与流量对其脱硝效果的影响,其脱硝效率最高可达63%。我国生物质锅炉方面的研究起步较晚,且主要借鉴燃煤锅炉。尽管燃煤锅炉烟气脱硝主要采用SNCR和SCR技术,但由于SCR脱硝技术存在投资和运行成本高等不足之处,因此,国内生物质锅炉烟气脱硝普遍采用SNCR脱硝技术。胡小翠等[9]对生物质直燃锅炉燃烧过程进行了模拟计算,通过计算得出的温度场与NO分布情况,可为锅炉优化提供参考。李穹等[10]在进行SNCR脱硝模拟时,以尿素作为还原剂,研究了温度、氨氮摩尔比、喷射参数、循环灰等因素对脱硝效果的影响。陆燕宁等[11]以生物质锅炉为研究对象,通过对锅炉 SNCR脱硝过程进行模拟计算,优化了还原剂喷嘴的布设形式,以探究最佳氨氮比。
在锅炉烟气中,大气污染物的组成,尤其NOx生成,不仅与锅炉燃烧条件有关,而且与燃料组成特性密切相关。与燃煤不同,生物质燃料来源广,燃料组成特性存在明显差异,因而对生物质燃料组成进行测定,是开展生物质锅炉燃烧、烟气排放特性及烟气脱硝数值模拟的前提。采用数值模拟手段探究生物质燃料组成对锅炉烟气排放特性影响的研究还鲜有报道。
本研究以河北省某生物质发电厂生物质锅炉为研究对象,在对其农林生物质燃料组成进行分析的基础上,借助FLUENT软件对生物质锅炉烟气排放特性及SNCR脱硝性能进行数值模拟,以期指导农林生物质锅炉企业优选生物质燃料,从而减少生物质锅炉烟气中大气污染物排放浓度。在此基础上,优化SNCR工艺的运行参数,可为实现NO低排放提供重要的理论基础和数据支持。
Flue gas emission characteristics and SNCR denitrification numerical simulation of agro-forestry biomass boiler
- Received Date: 12/04/2022
- Available Online: 31/10/2022
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Key words:
- biomass fuel /
- fuel composition /
- flue gas composition /
- numerical simulation /
- SNCR
Abstract: Biomass boiler of typical biomass power plant in Hebei Province is taken as the research object. On the basis of analyzing the composition of agricultural and forestry biomass fuel, FLUENT software is used to conduct numerical simulation of flue gas emission characteristics and SNCR denitration performance of biomass boiler. The results showed that, compared with single biomass, the mixture of wheat straw, fruit wood branch and bark with a ratio of 0.3:0.4:0.3 have lower nitrogen content (0.39%). The average emission concentration of NO in flue gas of different biomass fuels after boiler combustion is in the order of wheat straw (503.6 mg∙m−3) > fruit wood branch > bark > mixed fuel (369.2 mg∙m−3); SO2: wheat straw> mixed fuel > bark > fruit wood branch; CO: bark > wheat straw >mixed fuel > fruit wood branch. CO2: mixed fuel> fruit wood branch > bark > wheat straw. Numerical simulation of SNCR denitrification shows that when the height of reducing agent (urea) nozzles is set between 8 m and 11 m, the number of nozzles is 10, the reaction temperature is about 900 K, and the ammonia nitrogen ratio is 1.5, the SNCR denitrification rate is up to 78.7%, and the NO emission concentration is the lowest (78.7 mg∙m−3). The results show that the mixed agroforestry biomass fuel has better combustion performance, and the NO concentration generated by combustion is the lowest. Under the condition of meeting the optimal SNCR process operating parameters, NO is easier to achieve the requirements of low emissions.