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随着经济的快速发展以及人们工农业生产活动的增多,大量含磷废水排入环境中,导致河道和湖泊的水质急剧恶化,众多流域爆发藻类事件[1],出现水体黑臭现象[2],使得水体的生态功能部分或全部丧失[3]。有研究[4]表明,过量磷含量是导致淡水体系中藻类大量繁殖较为关键的因素。因此,经济高效的除磷技术的开发成为研究的重点。目前污水除磷技术主要包括化学沉淀法、离子交换法、生物法和吸附法等[5]。其中,吸附法因具有材料来源广、去除率高、经济效益好、可重复利用等优势,在污水除磷中得到广泛应用[6]。因此,高效吸附材料的开发至关重要。
膨润土是一种以蒙脱石为有效成分的黏土矿物,因其储量丰富、价格低廉且具有较大的阳离子交换容量和优良的吸附性能等特点[7],常被当作优良吸附剂用于水体中重金属、有机物等污染物的去除,但在实际生产应用中未改性膨润土往往难以达到处理要求,一般需要通过改性来提高其处理效果[8]。常用的膨润土改性方法[9]有钠化改性法、酸改性法、焙烧改性法、盐改性法、有机改性法和无机柱撑改性法、无机-有机复合改性法等。有研究[10]表明,两性-阳离子表面活性剂复合改性膨润土可提高其对水中重金属和有机物的去除能力,阳离子表面活性剂能提高其对磷酸盐的去除能力[11],以上改性研究均较为广泛,但两性-阳离子表面活性剂复合改性膨润土吸附磷酸盐则鲜有研究报道。
本研究采用两性表面活性剂——十二烷基二甲基磺丙基甜菜碱(DSB)和阳离子表面活性剂溴代十六烷基吡啶(CPB)复合改性膨润土,并对其表面形貌和结构进行了相关表征,考察了改性比例、温度、pH等因素对其吸附磷酸盐的影响效果,为两性-阳离子表面活性剂复合改性膨润土吸附除磷提供参考。
DSB+CPB复合改性膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附
Adsorption of phosphate by DSB+CPB compositely modified bentonite
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摘要: 为研究两性-阳离子表面活性剂复合改性膨润土的吸附除磷性能及其机理,采用不同比例两性表面活性剂——十二烷基二甲基磺丙基甜菜碱(DSB)和阳离子表面活性剂溴代十六烷基吡啶(CPB)对膨润土进行了有机复合改性,制得DSB+CPB复合改性膨润土,利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶红外分析(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、接触角(CA)以及热重分析(TGA)等手段对膨润土土样进行了表征,并用吸附等温模型和动力学方程拟合其吸附过程,探讨了改性比例、pH和温度等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明:DSB改性能提高膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附能力,当加入CPB复合改性后,可进一步促进DSB改性膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附能力,且吸附能力均随改性比例的增大而增强;对于0.5 DSB和1.0 DSB的改性膨润土,其与CPB最佳复合比例均为DSB+1.5 CPB,最大吸附量分别为原土的7.81倍和8.19倍;改性膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附均符合Langmuir等温模型和伪二级吸附动力学方程,其吸附能力随pH的升高而降低,且吸附为物理和化学吸附同时存在的自发吸热熵增过程。上述研究结果可为两性-阳离子表面活性剂复合改性膨润土吸附除磷提供参考。Abstract: In order to study the performance and mechanism of phosphorus adsorption and removal by amphoteric-cationic surfactant compositely modified bentonite, different proportions of dodecyl dimethyl sulfobetaine (DSB) amphoteric surfactant and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) cationic surfactant were used to organically modify bentonite to obtain DSB+CPB compositely modified bentonite. In addition, bentonite samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle (CA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption process was fitted by adsorption isotherm models and kinetic equations, and the effects of modification ratio, pH and temperature on the adsorption were studied. The results showed that DSB modification improved the adsorption capacity of phosphate by bentonite. When adding CPB for composite modification, the phosphate adsorption capacity by DSB modified bentonite could be further promoted, and the adsorption capacity increased with the increase of modification ratio. For the 0.5DSB and 1.0DSB amphoteric modified bentonite, their optimal composite ratios with CPB were 0.5DSB+1.5CPB, and the maximum adsorption amounts were 7.81 times and 8.19 times as much as that of fresh bentonite, respectively. The phosphate adsorption by the compositely modified bentonite fitted Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-secondary adsorption kinetics equation. The adsorption capacity decreased with the increasing of pH. In addition, the adsorption was a physical and chemical process with spontaneous, endothermic and entropy increase properties. This study provides the therotical support for phosphorus adsorption and removal by amphoteric-cationic surfactant compositely modified bentonite.
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Key words:
- bentonite /
- amphoteric-cation composite modification /
- phosphate /
- adsorption /
- characterization /
- kinetics /
- thermodynamics
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表 1 动力学拟合参数
Table 1. Fitting parameters of kinetics
土样 Qe, exp/(mg·g−1) 伪一级动力学 伪二级动力学 k1/(min−1) Qe, cal/(mg·g−1) R2 k2/(g·(mg·min)−1) Qe, cal/(mg·g−1) R2 0.5DSB+1.5CPB 2.784 0.151 2.746 0.873 0.180 2.807 1.000 0.5DSB 1.044 0.070 1.026 0.858 0.112 1.051 0.999 原土 0.324 0.031 0.288 0.810 0.105 0.339 0.995 注:Qe, exp表示实验测得平衡吸附量,mg·g−1;Qe, cal为拟合平衡吸附量,mg·g−1。 表 2 吸附等温模型拟合参数
Table 2. Fitting parameters of adsorption isothermal model
土样 Langmuir方程 Freundlich方程 Qm/(mg·g−1) KL/(L·mg−1) R2 1/n KF R2 原土 0.37 0.159 5 0.867 1 0.330 9 0.097 4 0.871 4 0.5DSB 1.14 0.156 4 0.966 9 0.376 7 0.258 3 0.942 4 1.0DSB 1.69 0.178 4 0.968 6 0.356 6 0.421 6 0.962 7 0.5DSB+0.25CPB 1.43 0.134 3 0.955 7 0.403 9 0.286 4 0.930 9 0.5DSB+0.5CPB 1.91 0.365 5 0.976 3 0.308 7 0.635 5 0.966 3 0.5DSB+1.0CPB 2.47 0.572 7 0.963 7 0.277 6 0.962 2 0.940 1 0.5DSB+1.5CPB 2.89 0.541 5 0.989 5 0.298 2 1.055 8 0.936 6 1.0DSB+0.25CPB 1.92 0.150 9 0.972 6 0.403 0 0.398 1 0.915 2 1.0DSB+0.5CPB 2.22 0.205 4 0.971 0 0.376 5 0.540 7 0.948 4 1.0DSB+1.0CPB 2.68 0.546 7 0.986 8 0.296 9 0.979 7 0.926 8 1.0DSB+1.5CPB 3.03 0.515 7 0.986 2 0.305 1 1.074 4 0.912 5 表 3 吸附热力学参数
Table 3. Adsorption thermodynamic parameters
土样 T/K Kd ΔG/(kJ·mol−1) ΔH/(kJ·mol−1) ΔS/(J·(mol·K)−1) 0.5DSB+1.5CPB 293 2.288 −2.098 23.053 85.850 303 3.482 −2.957 313 4.178 −3.815 1.0DSB+1.5CPB 293 1.718 −1.305 38.796 136.865 303 2.858 −2.674 313 4.756 −4.043 -
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