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印染废水具有水质复杂、pH变化大、色度高、COD高、可生化性差等特点,属于较难处理的工业废水之一[1-3]。处理印染废水的方法主要包括吸附法[4-7]、絮凝法[8-10]、生物法[11-12]、高级氧化[13-14]等,在实际应用中常将其中两种或多种方法联用来提高脱色效率,而在众多的染料中以水溶性阴离子染料最为常见且极难去除[15-16]。
常规的无机絮凝剂(铝盐、铁盐等)处理方法对水溶性染料不易形成胶体颗粒,在实际应用中往往通过加大投药量来解决脱色性差的问题,导致运行成本偏高,产泥量偏大[17-18]。而在众多有机絮凝剂中,阳离子型的双氰胺甲醛(DDF)高分子絮凝剂因其附带正电荷而对废水中的阴离子染料有良好的去除效果。但因其分子质量较低,导致其在絮凝脱色过程中形成的絮体数量少且体积小,沉降性差,废水出水浊度较高[19]。前人多使用3聚氰胺、聚合氯化铝、尿素、氯化铵、硫酸铵等对DDF进行改性,所制备的改性DDF对废水均有较高的脱色率,但对于较高的出水浊度并不能有效改善[19-24]。
聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维被广泛应用于诸多行业。此外,丙烯腈易与多种单体发生共聚反应,其分子链中的氰基也为PAN纤维进一步功能化提供了可能[25-28]。为改善DDF在脱色过程中的絮凝效果,降低出水浊度,本实验以PAN为基体接枝DDF,增大其分子质量,制得阳离子型有机高分子絮凝剂PAN-DDF。选择了直接染料、酸性染料、活性染料3类阴离子染料的代表染料,刚果红、酸性兰9、活性嫩黄K-6G,并对其单一染料组分和混合染料组分的模拟废水进行脱色实验,采用单因素法考察了PAN-DDF投加量、沉淀时间、pH、温度对絮凝脱色效果的影响,通过粘度法测定了PAN-DDF的分子质量,并使用扫描电镜对其进行微观形态分析,使用傅里叶变换红外光谱对其进行结构分析。
PAN基双氰胺甲醛絮凝剂的制备及对染料废水的脱色性能
Preparation of PAN-based dicyandiamide formaldehyde flocculant and its decolorization performance on dye wastewater
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摘要: 针对双氰胺甲醛(DDF)在对阴离子染料废水絮凝脱色中形成的絮体数量少、体积小,导致沉降性差、废水出水浊度较高的问题,以聚丙烯腈纤维(PAN)为基体接枝DDF,增大其分子质量,制得阳离子有机高分子絮凝剂PAN-DDF,黏度法测得其分子质量为1 086 718 Da,聚合度为4 347。考察了PAN-DDF投加量、沉淀时间、pH、温度对单一组分和混合组分下刚果红、酸性兰9、活性嫩黄K-6G3种染料絮凝脱色效果的影响,并使用扫描电镜和红外光谱对其表征。结果表明:在30 ℃下,在200 mL染料浓度为20 mg·L−1,pH=10的模拟废水中投加20 mg PAN-DDF,沉淀30 min,脱色效果最佳。其对单一组分的刚果红、酸性兰9、活性嫩黄K-6G的脱色率分别为93.31%、84.16%、83.63%,上清液的浊度分别为1.79、2.23、1.39 NTU;对混合组分中3种染料的脱色率分别为81.74%、76.24%、62.57%,上清液的浊度为2.79 NTU。通过对比PAN接枝DDF前后扫描电镜照片,发现原光滑表面变粗糙,并附着大量颗粒物。红外光谱表征结果表明,PAN-DDF分子结构上含有—NH+、—
$ {\rm{NH}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{ + }}$ 、C=N+=C等多种活性基团。Abstract: Aiming at the small quantity and volume of flocs formed by dicyandiamide formaldehyde (DDF) in flocculation and decolorization of anionic dye wastewater, resulting in poor sedimentation and high turbidity of wastewater effluent, the cationic organic polymer flocculant PAN-DDF was prepared by using polyacrylonitrile fiber (PAN) as matrix grafting DDF, increasing its molecular weight. The molecular weight measured by viscosity method was 1 086 718 Da, and the degree of polymerization was 4 347. The effects of PAN-DDF dosage, precipitation time, pH, and temperature on the flocculation and decolorization of single or mixing dyes of congo red, acid blue 9, and active yellow K-6G were investigated, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the flocculants. The results showed that at 30 ℃, 20 mg PAN-DDF was added to 200 mL of simulated wastewater with a dye concentration of 20 mg·L−1 and pH=10, and the decolorization effect was the best after precipitation for 30 minutes. The decolorization rates of single Congo red, acid blue 9, or active bright yellow K-6G were 93.31%, 84.16% or 83.63%, respectively, and the turbidities of the supernatant were 1.79, 2.23, 1.39 NTU. For the mixed dyes, the decolorization rates of the three dyes were 81.74%, 76.24% and 62.57%, respectively, and the turbidity of the supernatant was 2.79 NTU. As observed by scanning electron images of PAN-DDF and DDF, it was found that the original smooth surface became rough and attached a lot of particles. The infrared spectrum showed that PAN-DDF molecular structure contained —NH+, —$ {\rm{NH}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{ + }}$ , C=N+=C and other active groups.-
Key words:
- flocculant /
- dye wastewater /
- decolorization /
- PAN /
- DDF /
- turbidity
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表 1 实验所用染料与特性表
Table 1. Structure and characteristics of dyes used in the experiment
染料名称 最大吸收波长/nm 染料浓度-吸光度标准曲线 刚果红 497 y=0.040 8x−0.013 7, R2=0.999 2 活性嫩黄K-6G 422 y=0.008 1x+0.002 1, R2=0.999 9 酸性兰9 627 y=0.02x+0.007 1, R2=0.999 9 表 2 温度对单一染料组分模拟废水脱色效果的影响
Table 2. Effect of temperature on the decolorization effect of simulated wastewater with single component
染料组分 脱色率/% 浊度/NTU 10 ℃ 20 ℃ 30 ℃ 40 ℃ 10 ℃ 20 ℃ 30 ℃ 40 ℃ 刚果红 86.19 91.64 93.31 90.56 7.42 1.84 1.59 4.79 酸性兰9 75.78 83.52 84.16 81.46 8.12 2.33 1.88 5.23 活性嫩黄K-6G 72.1 81.87 83.63 80.21 6.24 1.47 1.23 3.86 表 3 温度对混合染料组分模拟废水脱色效果的影响
Table 3. Effect of temperature on the decolorization effect of simulated wastewater with mixing components
染料组分 脱色率/% 混合染料浊度/NTU 10 ℃ 20 ℃ 30 ℃ 40 ℃ 10 ℃ 20 ℃ 30 ℃ 40 ℃ 刚果红 73.22 78.64 84.31 82.56 9.42 4.37 2.61 5.79 酸性兰9 67.78 72.52 80.16 78.46 活性嫩黄K-6G 52.31 60.87 70.63 63.21 -
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