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我国2018年环境状况公报显示,鄱阳湖等5大淡水湖水体均处于富营养状态[1]。水体中氮磷营养物质过多,超过湖泊的自我净化能力,未经降解的污染物通过沉积或颗粒物吸附存蓄在底泥中,造成底泥不同程度的污染,被污染的底泥将成为水体污染物的“汇”[2-4]。随着水体环境条件的变化,底泥中的氮磷营养元素被水生植物生长吸收利用,有一部分被释放到上覆水中而成为水体内源性污染的“源”[5-7],其中磷在限制水体生态系统的初级生产力和调控富营养化状态起到关键作用[8-10]。因此,研究氮磷在湖泊水体中的变化和释放规律对于控制湖泊富营养化具有重要的作用。
乌梁素海流域内有河套灌区和一些工业企业,每年有大量未经处理的工业废水和农田灌溉水排入湖泊,导致水体中氮磷营养物质过多,湖泊的内源污染严重。有研究表明:2004—2006年,该湖泊中100多个监测点数据显示水体总磷和总氮质量浓度平均值为0.16 mg·L−1和6.91 mg·L−1[11-12];2015年,水体中总磷和总氮质量浓度平均值为0.085 mg·L−1和2.52 mg·L−1[13];2001年,河套灌区全年农田排水总氮和总磷质量分别为644.47 t和10.07 t[14];2013年,乌梁素海工业污水和城镇生活污水的排放量分别为1 915.81 t和3 033.96 t[15];2019年,入湖TN、TP的污染负荷为2 037.23 t和55.82 t,湖泊整体水质呈Ⅴ类,仍处于富营养化状态[16]。控制水体富营养化一方面可从源头上减少营养物质排入水体,另一方面可降低水体和底泥中的营养物质。
本研究在农田排水的九排干入湖口附近的七作业区域设置示范区,采用原位生态修复技术,增设曝气增氧设施以增加水体中溶解氧浓度,优化水生植物群落,放养鱼类,收获水生植物并开展了在溶解氧(DO)和pH值变化下原柱状底泥氮磷质量浓度变化的室内模拟实验,分析了水环境因素DO和pH值的变化对底泥中营养物质释放规律的影响。本研究成果可为制定乌梁素海切实有效的富营养化治理措施提供参考。
乌梁素海水体富营养化原位生态修复实验及效果分析
Experiment study and effect analysis of in situ ecological restoration for eutrophication in Wuliangsu Lake, China
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摘要: 为探讨原位生态修复技术对乌梁素海水体富营养化的治理效果,在乌梁素海农田排水入湖口作业区用双层防水围隔建立了实验示范区,测定了水体中氮磷质量浓度和底泥中氮磷质量分数;在室内进行模拟实验,研究了溶解氧(DO)和pH值变化下柱状底泥营养盐的静态释放规律。室外实验结果表明:示范区水体中总氮(TN) 和总磷(TP)质量浓度显著低于对照区(P<0.001),削减率分别为66%和68%,水体平均TN质量浓度为0.99 mg·L−1,TP质量浓度为0.11 mg·L−1;就水质年度变化而言,5月份水体TN和TP质量浓度相对较高,随着水生植物生长,其质量浓度显著降低,11月达到最低值,翌年1月,其值有所回升;实验示范区底泥中的平均TN和TP质量分数分别为1.43 g·kg−1和0.43 g·kg−1,显著低于对照区的数值(P<0.01),削减率分别为16% 和28%。室内模拟实验结果表明:当DO质量浓度低于2.0 mg·L−1时,底泥中磷的释放速度较快;当DO质量浓度高于2.0 mg·L−1时,随着pH值的增加,底泥中磷的释放速率显著增加(P<0.01);在厌氧状态下,pH值对底泥氮释放影响较小;在好氧和缺氧状态下,底泥中氮的释放速率显著增加后又下降;DO和pH值对底泥氮磷释放有很强的协同作用。综上所述,原位生态修复技术可显著降低水体和底泥中氮磷营养盐质量浓度,达到净化水质,减缓内源污染的目的,有望成为治理乌梁素海富营养化的一种有效措施。Abstract: In order to explore the effect of in situ ecological restoration technology on the eutrophication control of Wuliangsu Lake, an experimental demonstration area and a double-layer waterproof enclosure were established in the operation area of farmland drainage into the entrance of Wuliangsu Lake, and the mass concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water body and sediment were measured. A simulation experiment was set up in the laboratory to study the static release law of nutrients in columnar sediments with the changes of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. The outdoor experiment results showed that the mass concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the water body of the demonstration area were significantly lower than those of the control area (P<0.001), their reduction rates were 66% and 68%, respectively, and their average mass concentrations were 0.99 mg·L−1 and 0.11 mg·L−1, respectively; In terms of annual change in water quality, the mass concentrations of TN and TP in the water body were relatively high in May, then decreased significantly with the growth of aquatic plants, reached the lowest values in November, and rose again the following January. the average mass fractions of TN and TP in the sediments of the experimental demonstration area were 1.43 g·kg−1 and 0.43 g·kg−1, respectively, which were significantly lower than the values in the control area (P<0.01), their reduction rates were 16% and 28%, respectively. The results of laboratory simulation experiments showed that: when the DO concentration was lower than 2.0 mg·L−1, the release rate of phosphorus in the sediment was faster; when DO concentration was higher than 2.0 mg·L−1, the release rate of phosphorus in the sediment increased significantly with the increase of pH value (P<0.01). Under anaerobic conditions, pH value had slight effect on nitrogen release from sediment. Under aerobic and anoxic conditions, the release rate of nitrogen in the sediment increased significantly at first, and then decreased. DO and pH had a strong synergistic effect on the release of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediment. To sum up, in situ ecological restoration technology can significantly reduce the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in water and sediment, achieve the purpose of purifying water quality and slowing down endogenous pollution, and is expected to become an effective measure to control the eutrophication of Wuliangsu Lake, China.
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