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目前,水污染仍是一个影响经济和生态系统的全球性问题,特别是重金属引发的水污染已成为备受关注的问题之一[1-3]。化学上将密度大于4.5 g·cm−3的金属称为重金属,如铬、铜、铅、锌、钴、镍等[4]。重金属离子(Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)等)具有毒害性、长期累积性和难降解性等特性,造成的水污染具有隐蔽性和不可逆性[5-6]。而砷(As)是一种类金属元素,在自然界中分布广泛。有色金属矿山的开采和冶炼、电镀等化工业的不合规排放以及过量使用化肥、农药是含砷废水的主要来源[7-8]。其中,冶炼厂和化工厂所产生的含砷废水主要含有As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等重金属离子和氟、硫等元素。根据冶炼原料中砷含量的不同,废水中砷含量一般从几十毫克每升到几十克每升不等,其含量均高于《污水综合排放标准》(GB 18466-2005)中规定的0.5 mg·L−1标准限值,因此,需经过处理达标后才能排放[9]。
现阶段,用于处理重金属废水的方法主要有吸附法、化学沉淀法、离子交换法、膜滤法和溶剂萃取法等[10-13]。其中,吸附法具有操作简单、吸附高效和成本低等特点,被广泛应用于重金属废水治理[10, 14-16]。在吸附剂的选择上,使用易获取和可降解天然高分子材料也逐渐成为趋势。氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide, GO)作为一种新型纳米材料,因其比表面积较大,含氧官能团(如—OH、—C=O和—COOH)丰富和易表面修饰等优点,在处理重金属废水中备受关注[17-19]。刘伟等[18]通过制备磁改性GO,发现磁改性GO在pH=2时对5 mg·L−1的Cr(VI)去除率达82.9%。李仕友等[20]成功制备出GO/SiO2复合材料,但GO/SiO2在pH=2.5时对5 mg·L−1 Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率仅为45.2%。再者,有学者利用不同浓度NaOH对GO进行水热处理后,对重金属的吸附量比改性前提高了3倍,但改性后的GO亲水性较强,难以回收利用[21]。壳聚糖(chitosan, CS)是一种具有大量羟基和高活性氨基的天然可降解高分子材料,能通过螯合反应与重金属离子进行配位,也是具有潜力的新型吸附材料[22-23]。此外,CS作为脱乙酰化甲壳素产品,来源广泛,无毒、易降解和抗菌,使其在重金属废水处理中比其他材料更具优势[24-25],但CS在酸性条件下易流失。因此,将GO与CS组合后制备出的GO/CS复合材料不仅可以降低GO/CS的亲水性[26-28],也能进一步改善对水中重金属的去除效果。龚育等[29]研究发现,添加5% GO的CS对铌(Nb)的去除效果优于CS。罗肃霜等[30]制备的TiO2/CS微粒在紫外光催化下对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附容量虽有4.97 mg·g−1,但在微粒中加入GO后,吸附容量达到12.43 mg·g−1。ZHANG等[31]通过制备EDTA-2Na改性氧化石墨烯壳聚糖(GEC)复合材料,发现对Cr(VI)的吸附容量大小依次为GEC>GOCS>CS。
此外,将GO或CS复合材料负载铁或铁的(氢)氧化物后,能进一步增强复合材料的抗酸性能和热稳定性[32-33]。PARASTAR等[34]将GO和CS先后加入到Fe2S3和H2O2混合溶液中,制备成GO/FeOOH/CS复合材料并用于去除水中的Pd(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ),发现在pH=6时复合材料对5 mg·L−1的Pd(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)最高去除率分别为29.6%和43.07%。AHMAD等[35]利用共沉淀法制备壳聚糖-氧化铁(CS-Fe2O3)用于去除水中的Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ),发现在pH=5时CS-Fe2O3对50 mg·L−1 Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率均在85%以上。SHERLALAC等[27]通过共沉淀法制备的磁性壳聚糖氧化石墨烯(CMGO)纳米复合材料在pH=7.3时对10 mg·L−1 As(Ⅲ)的去除率为61%。HOSSEINZADEH等[36]同样通过共沉淀法制备的磁性壳聚糖/氧化石墨烯(MCGONs)纳米复合材料在pH=8时对100 mg·L−1 Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率为38%。赵超然等[37]通过包埋法制备不同载铁量的GOCS球形材料用于吸附As(Ⅲ),发现As(Ⅲ)的吸附容量随pH增加呈下降趋势,在pH=3时吸附量达到3.53 mg·g−1。SHAN等[23]对比研究了浸渍蒸发法和共沉淀法制备FeOx修饰的氧化石墨烯壳聚糖复合材料对Cr(VI)的去除效果,发现浸渍蒸发法制备的复合材料具有更好的吸附性能。上述研究表明:铁改性GO或CS复合材料对水体中不同重金属离子均有去除效果,但复合材料中的载铁形态及其改性方法会明显影响去除效果。这将进一步影响其在不同水环境条件下对重金属离子(如As(Ⅴ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ))的去除效果。然而,较少有研究对比讨论载铁形态或改性方法对复合材料在不同溶液pH中对重金属离子的去除影响。
因此,本研究基于常用的浸渍蒸发法和共沉淀法分别制备2种不同铁改性氧化石墨烯壳聚糖复合材料微球,设计并开展2种微球在不同水环境中(pH分别为3、7和11)对As(Ⅴ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附实验,对比分析去除效果。同时,结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(fourier transform infrared, FTIR)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)和比表面积(BET surface area)表征技术揭示吸附机制,为不同吸附剂应用于多种重金属废水的治理提供参考。
铁改性氧化石墨烯壳聚糖对重金属的去除效果
Heavy metals removal by iron modified graphene oxide chitosan
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摘要: 为揭示改性方式对复合材料去除重金属离子的影响,利用浸渍蒸发法和共沉淀法制备铁改性氧化石墨烯壳聚糖复合微球,分别命名为Fe-GOCS和Fe@GOCS。通过批实验,对比分析其在不同水环境(pH=3、7和11)下对As(Ⅴ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的去除效果,并结合FTIR、XRD、SEM和BET表征技术揭示去除机理。结果表明,随pH增加,Fe-GOCS和Fe@GOCS对As(Ⅴ)的去除率(re)呈不同的变化趋势,前者先增加后降低,pH=7时最高re为56.74%,而后者则逐渐降低,pH=3时re最大,为87.99%。表征结果证实2种材料对As(Ⅴ)的去除均与Fe—O键有关,去除效果存在差异的主要原因与其不同的载铁形态有关(前者为α-Fe2O3,后者为α-FeO(OH))。随pH增加,2种材料对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的re均逐渐增大,但去除效果在中性条件下最好,分别为49.45%和23.52%(Fe-GOCS),68.38%和50.85%(Fe@GOCS),但稍差于GOCS;对Cd(Ⅱ)的re也逐渐增大,但Fe-GOCS的最大re低于Fe@GOCS,分别为78.30%和99.16%。Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的去除一方面与其离子水解作用有关,另一方面主要通过形成Fe—O—Cu和Fe—O—Pb配合物去除。而Cd(Ⅱ)的去除主要与水解作用有关。循环吸附5次后,Fe@GOCS对As(Ⅴ)的re仍在80%以上,而Fe-GOCS的再生能力较差。整体上,Fe@GOCS对重金属的去除效果略优于Fe-GOCS,而Fe-GOCS适用的pH范围相对较广。Abstract: To reveal the influence of modification methods on heavy metal ions removal by composites, Fe-modified graphene oxide chitosan composite microspheres were prepared by immersion evaporation and coprecipitation, which were named Fe-GOCS and Fe@GOCS, respectively. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the removal effects of As (V), Cu (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) in different water environments (pH=3, 7 and 11), and the removal mechanism was revealed by FTIR, XRD, SEM and BET characterization techniques. Results showed that: with the increase of pH value, the removal efficiency (re) of As(V) by Fe-GOCS and Fe@GOCS showed different trends. The former increased first and then decreased, and the re reached the maximum value of 56.74% at pH=7, while the latter gradually decreased, and the re reached the maximum value of 87.99% at pH=3. The characterization results showed that As(V)removal by the two materials was related to the Fe-O bond, and the main reason for the difference in the removal effect was related to the different morphology of the iron carrier (α-Fe2O3 in the former and α-FeO(OH) in the latter). With the increase of pH, the re of Cu(II) and Pb(II) increased gradually, but the removal effect was the best under neutral conditions, which was 49.45% and 23.52% (Fe-GOCS), 68.38% and 50.85% (Fe@GOCS), respectively, while they were slightly worse than those of GOCS. The re of Cd(II) also increased gradually, but the maximum re of Fe-GOCS was lower than Fe@GOCS, which was 78.30% and 99.16%, respectively. The removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) was related to ionic hydrolysis on the one hand and mainly through the formation of Fe-O-Cu and Fe-O-Pb complex on the other hand. The removal of Cd(II) was mainly related to hydrolysis. After five cycles of adsorption, the re of As(V) by Fe@GOCS was still above 80%, but the regeneration ability of Fe-GOCS was poor. On the whole, the removal effect of Fe@GOCS was slightly better than that of Fe-GOCS, and Fe-GOCS was suitable for a relatively wide pH range.
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Key words:
- iron form /
- graphene oxide /
- chitosan /
- heavy metals /
- removal
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表 1 不同pH条件下复合材料对重金属的去除结果
Table 1. Removal results of heavy metals by composite materials under different pH conditions
离子 pH GOCS Fe-GOCS Fe@GOCS qe/(mg·g−1) re/(%) qe/(mg·g−1) re/(%) Fe平衡质量
浓度/(mg·L−1)qe/(mg·g−1) re/(%) Fe平衡质量
浓度/(mg·L−1)As(Ⅴ) 3 7.72 30.20 7.02 27.40 0.40 22.54 87.99 0.04 7 2.01 7.86 14.54 56.74 0 10.38 40.53 0.04 11 0.12 0.47 9.45 36.87 0.08 — — 0.15 Cu(Ⅱ) 3 — — — — 0.26 — — 0.13 7 18.59 74.27 12.24 49.45 0 16.92 68.38 0 11 24.97 99.74 24.53 99.09 0 24.71 99.83 0 Pb(Ⅱ) 3 — — — — 0.15 — — 0.06 7 11.21 47.15 5.37 23.52 0 11.60 50.85 0 11 23.63 99.38 22.77 99.78 0 22.68 99.39 0 Cd(Ⅱ) 3 — — — — 0.13 — — 0.05 7 0.64 2.57 — — 0.05 — — 0 11 24.65 98.31 19.65 78.30 0 24.89 99.16 0 注: “-”表示未吸附。 表 2 GOCS和Fe-GOCS和Fe@GOCS的比表面积和孔结构参数
Table 2. Specific surface area and pore structure parameters of GOCS, Fe-GOCS and Fe@GOCS
吸附材料 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 孔体积/(cm3·g−1) GOCS 4.22 2.25×10−4 Fe-GOCS 2.10 1.87×10−4 Fe@GOCS 42.27 6.58×10−4 表 3 材料去除性能对比
Table 3. Comparison of material removal performance
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