微(纳米)塑料对海洋渔业水域中重要饵料藻类的生态风险评估研究
Ecological Risk Assessment of Micro(nano)plastics to Important Bait Algae in Marine Fishery Waters
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摘要: 微(纳米)塑料(micro(nano)plastics, MNPs)污染已成为水环境中的热点问题，特别是对于有“海洋牧场”之称的海洋渔业水域，由于陆源性塑料垃圾排放、塑料渔具的大量使用以及海上航运等原因，MNPs污染日益严重。饵料藻类作为渔业水域中重要的初级生产者，是维持生态系统稳定的第一道防线，也是污染物在水生食物链中传递的起点，并且响应污染物的毒性效应较为敏感。上述特征使饵料藻类成为开展渔业水域中污染物生态风险评估的理想生物。为评估MNPs对渔业水域中重要饵料藻类的生态风险，本研究通过文献检索分析了其中4门9科12种常见饵料藻类的毒理学研究数据。进一步利用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件计算MNPs对上述饵料藻类的半数有效浓度(median effect concentration, EC50)，并运用Rurrlioz软件绘制物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution, SSD)曲线。通过SSD曲线预测了不同环境浓度MNPs对饵料藻类的潜在影响比例(potential affected fractions, PAF)，继而对全球13处渔业水域MNPs的生态风险进行评估。结果发现墨西哥湾MNPs的PAF值超过50%；另有7处渔业水域MNPs的PAF值介于5%和20%之间。基于上述结果并考虑到当前海洋塑料垃圾数量有可能被低估，本研究认为未来需要加强对渔业水域中MNPs生态风险的关注。同时，本研究还揭示了当前研究的局限性并对未来渔业水域中MNPs污染的生态风险评估研究提出了几点建议。Abstract: Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) pollution has become a hot issue in the aquatic environment, especially in the marine fishery waters known as “marine pasture”. Due to discharge of land-derived plastic debris, massive use of plastic fishing gear and sea transportation, MNPs pollution is becoming more serious. As an important primary producer in fishery waters, bait alga is the first line of defense to maintain the stability of aquatic ecosystem, and the starting point of pollutant transmission within the aquatic food chain, and its response is more sensitive to pollutants. Because of these characteristics, the bait alga becomes as a potential organism for the ecological risk assessment of pollutants in fishery waters. In order to evaluate the ecological risks of MNPs on important bait algae in fishery waters, the toxicological research data of 12 species of common bait algae from 9 families in 4 phyla were analyzed through a literature search. The GraphPad Prism 8.0 software was used to calculate the median effective concentration (EC50) of the bait algae, and the Rurrlioz software was used to obtain a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curve. Furthermore, the SSD curve was applied to predict the potential affected fractions (PAF) of MNPs in different environmental concentrations on the bait algae, and then the ecological risks of MNPs in 13 fishery waters around the world were evaluated. The results showed that the value of PAF in the Gulf of Mexico far exceeded 50%. The values of PAF in other 7 fishery waters were between 5% and 20%. Therefore, the current amount of marine plastic waste may be underestimated according to the present data, and it is urgent to continue the ecological risk assessment of MNPs in fishery waters. Meanwhile, the present study also revealed the limitations of current researches and provided several suggestions on the future research of MNPs in fishery waters and ecological risk assessment.
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