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全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)是两种全氟化合物,由于C—F键是自然界中极性最强的共价键之一[1],使得PFOA和PFOS具有优良的化学稳定性、耐热性和高表面活性,因而被广泛应用于化工电镀、消防设施、涂料、皮革、纺织、炊具制造和合成洗涤剂等诸多工业生产和生活消费领域[2]。然而,研究发现PFOA和PFOS具有环境持久性、长距离迁移性、生物累积性和毒性等特点,其广泛应用给环境造成了很大的负面影响。毒理学研究表明PFOA和PFOS对生物体具有脏器毒性、免疫和内分泌毒性、神经毒性、致癌性、生殖及发育毒性[3-4]。2009年5月,联合国环境规划署正式将PFOS及其盐类列为新型持久性有机污染物,列入斯德哥尔摩公约,160多个国家和地区同意减少并最终禁止使用该类物质[3]。
目前在大气[5]、水[6]、土壤[7]、生物[8]甚至极地冰川[9]都能检测到PFOA和PFOS,其普遍污染严重威胁生态环境和人类健康。PFOA和PFOS是人工合成的具有高稳定性的化合物,其中C—F键键能高达460 kJ·mol−1,氟原子最外层的3对未成键电子可以有效保护C—F键,因此很难通过自然分解和微生物处理的方式被降解。例如,有研究发现将PFOA和PFOS放入硝酸或者硫酸中煮沸,PFOA和PFOS中的C—F键没有断裂的迹象[10-11];还有研究表明,PFOA和PFOS热分解所需温度高达600 ℃[12]。此外,Schröder等对比研究了不同条件下微生物降解废水中PFOS和PFOA的效率,发现好氧条件下PFOA和PFOS都无法降解,厌氧条件下PFOS在两天内降解为PFOA,而PFOA完全消失需要25 d[13-14]。由于传统的污染物处理方法很难有效降解PFOA和PFOS,因此亟需开发有效的技术去除自然环境中的PFOA和PFOS,减少其对生态环境和人类健康的危害。
目前,PFOA和PFOS的降解方法主要有超声降解技术、光降解技术和电化学氧化法[15]。超声降解技术和电化学氧化法存在操作繁琐、试剂及装置费用高、反应条件较为苛刻、能耗大等缺点[16],极大地限制了这些方法的实际应用。光降解技术是利用光直接作用于污染物使其发生降解的一种技术[17],具有绿色环保、成本低、反应条件温和以及无二次污染等优点。因此,光催化降解技术对实现PFOA和PFOS的安全、有效降解具有重要意义。
本文总结了目前光降解PFOA和PFOS的研究现状,对比了不同催化剂、氧化剂和光敏剂作用下PFOA和PFOS的光降解效率,并总结了不同反应条件下PFOA和PFOS的光降解机理。同时分析了PFOA和PFOS光降解技术在实际应用中可能存在的问题及挑战,以期为PFOA和PFOS光降解技术的开发和安全有效应用提供科学参考。
全氟辛酸和全氟辛基磺酸的光降解技术及机理研究进展
Photodegradation technology and mechanism of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS):A critical review
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摘要: 目前,普遍存在于各种环境介质中的全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)造成的环境污染问题已引起全球的广泛关注。PFOA和PFOS具有稳定性、持久性和生物累积性等特点。常规的方法如:超声降解法、电化学氧化法和微生物降解法等,很难将其彻底降解,因此开发有效的PFOA和PFOS降解技术成为了环境领域的研究重点。近年来,光降解技术在有效去除环境介质中的PFOA和PFOS方面显示出巨大潜力和优良的应用前景,并引起科学研究者的广泛关注。因此,本论文系统综述了近年来国内外关于PFOA和PFOS光降解方面的研究报道,重点对比了不同催化剂、氧化剂和光敏剂对PFOA和PFOS光降解效率的影响及降解机理。同时系统分析了目前PFOA和PFOS光降解技术可能存在的问题及其应用前景,以期为开发安全有效的PFOA和PFOS光降解技术提供全面的科学信息,并为光降解PFOA和PFOS的发展方向提供参考意见。Abstract: At present, the ubiquitous occurrence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) has resulted in global environmental pollution and caused worldwide concerns. Owing to their stability, persistence and bioaccumulation, PFOA and PFOS are difficult to be degraded by using conventional methods, such as ultrasonic degradation, electrochemical oxidation or microbial degradation. Therefore, development of effective technologies for decomposing PFOA and PFOS into harmless species is now the research priority. Currently, the great potential and excellent application prospects of photodegradation technology on the PFOA and PFOS degradation have received considerable attentions from the researchers. Here we systematically summarized the domestic and overseas studies on the photodegradation of PFOA and PFOS done in recent years. The photodegradation efficiencies and mechanisms of PFOA and PFOS with different catalysts, oxidants, or photosensitizer were reviewed in details. The possible problems and application potentials of the PFOA and PFOS photodegradation technology were systematically discussed. The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information for the development of effective and safe photodegradation technology for PFOA and PFOS degradation, and provide scientific guidance for the direction of these technologies.
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Key words:
- perfluorinated compounds /
- PFOA /
- PFOS /
- photodegradation /
- degradation mechanism
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表 1 PFOA/PFOS氧化性光降解技术
Table 1. PFOA/ PFOS oxidative photo degradation technology
化合物
Compounds催化剂
Catalysts初始浓度
Initial concentration功率/波长
Power/ Wavelength反应时间
Reaction time降解率/脱氟率
Degradation ratio/Defluorination ratio参考文献
ReferencesPFOA Fe2(SO4)3 48.3 μmol·L−1 实际太阳光 672 h 97.8%/12.7% [29] PFOA FeCl3·6H2O 36 μmol·L−1 12 W/185 nm 4 h 51.21%/46.7% [20] PFOA FeSO4/ ${ {\rm{S} }_2}{\rm{O} }_8^{2 - }$ 20.0 mmol·L−1 9 W/254 nm 5 h 93.9%/63.3% [30] PFOA TiO2纳米管 72.46 μmol·L−1 300 W/365 nm 8 h 60%/— [31] PFOA TiO2 1208 μmol·L−1 23 W/254 nm 3 h 100%/16.5% [32] PFOA Fe/TiO2 120.8 μmol·L−1 400 W/254 nm 12 h 91%/19% [33] PFOA (Pt, Pd, Ag)-TiO2 144.9 μmol·L−1 18 W/365 nm 7 h 100%/34.8% [34] PFOA Na2S2O8 1350 μmol·L−1 200 W/254 nm 4 h 100%/59.1% [35] PFOS FeCl3 20 μmol·L−1 23 W/254 nm 72 h 100%/58.2% [27] PFOS 碱性异丙醇 40 μmol·L−1 32 W/254 nm 240 h 92%/— [25] PFOA In2O3 100 μmol·L−1 23 W/254 nm 4 h 78.9%/19.7% [36] PFOA In2O3 1208 μmol·L−1 15 W/254 nm 2 h 100%/— [37] —:无数据,no data. 表 2 PFOA/PFOS还原性光降解技术
Table 2. PFOA/ PFOS reductive photo degradation technology
化合物
Compounds催化剂
Catalysts初始浓度
Initial concentration功率/波长
Power/ Wavelength降解时间
Reaction time降解率/脱氟率
Degradation ratio/
Defluorination ratio参考文献
ReferencesPFOA Na2SO3 20 μmol·L−1 10 W/254 nm 24 h 100%/88.5% [22] PFOA KI 24 μmol·L−1 8 W/254 nm 2.5 h 15%/— [28] PFOA 蒙脱土 24.1 μmol·L−1 36 W/254 nm 10 h 100%/98% [38] PFOS KI 20 μmol·L−1 8 W/254 nm 2.5 h 30%/— [28] PFOS KI&HA 300 μmol·L−1 14 W/254 nm 1.5 h 86%/55.6% [39] PFOS Na2SO3 37.2 μmol·L−1 10 W/185 nm 4 h 97.3%/68.5% [40] —:无数据,no data. -
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