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人类社会快速发展的同时,生态环境遭到了破坏,阻碍全球的可持续发展. 其中,工业活动中产生的大量氮氧化物(NOx)等有害气体,不仅会引起酸雨、臭氧层空洞、光化学烟雾等环境问题[1–2],还会危害人类健康[3–5]. 与多数发达国家类似,中国的大气污染正从以二氧化硫(SO2)为主转向以NOx和臭氧(O3)为主[6]. 随着我国空气污染的大力治理,至2019年NOx排放量下降至1233.9万吨,其中工业源的排放量下降到548.1万吨[7],但是,其他非电行业(如:焦化、钢铁、玻璃、陶瓷、水泥、燃气锅炉、垃圾焚烧等)NOx排放量仍旧处于高位[8–10]. 因此,有效降低非电行业NOx排放是目前我国环境污染治理的重要目标之一.
通常非电行业采用氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)技术进一步降低NOx的排放,在催化剂的作用下,以氨(NH3)作为还原剂,将烟气中 NOx 选择还原为氮气(N2). 目前,非电行业烟气排放温度普遍低于300 °C,特别是湿法脱硫工艺后烟气温度甚至更低;此外,烟气成分复杂,含有SO2、水、碱金属、重金属和飞灰等[9],上述杂质会对SCR催化剂产生毒化作用,削弱反应活性,最终导致催化剂性能下降[11]. 因此,开发高性能抗中毒的中低温催化剂对于净化烟气尤为重要.
催化消除NOx的材料主要包括贵金属、氧化物、分子筛和碳基催化剂等. 通常,贵金属催化剂多用于机动车尾气净化,贵金属催化剂大多数以金、铂、银、钯、铑等作为活性组分,氧化铝(Al2O3)、二氧化锆(ZrO2)、二氧化硅(SiO2)、二氧化铈(CeO2)、二氧化钛(TiO2)等为载体,两者协同作用后呈现出良好的低温脱硝活性[12–18]. 氧化物催化剂通常是锰基(MnOx)、铈基(CeO2)、钒基(VOx)、铜基(CuO)、铁基(FeOx)等复合催化剂[19 – 23],该类催化剂相比贵金属价格低廉,适用于工业化生产,表1归纳总结了不同工况下的NH3-SCR催化剂. 分子筛催化剂具有水热稳定性好、温度窗口宽、净化效率高、无毒无害等优点,广泛应用于柴油车尾气处理[24],主要有ZSM-5、SAPO-34、SSZ-13及BEA等种类[25–29]. 碳基催化剂是以碳作为载体的一类催化剂[30],该类催化剂比表面积大、官能团丰富,且廉价易得,可作为潜在的SCR催化剂载体. 针对中低温SCR催化剂在不同工况下可能的中毒机制,结合目前的研究进展和本课题的工作,总结了抗中毒与再生技术,为提升中低温SCR催化剂的性能和稳定性提供研究思路.
中低温NH3-SCR催化剂抗中毒与再生研究进展
Research progress on anti-poisoning and regeneration of catalysts at medium-low temperature NH3-SCR
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摘要: 中低温氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)氮氧化物(NOx)催化剂广泛应用于钢铁、焦化、陶瓷、玻璃、水泥、垃圾焚烧、燃气锅炉等非电行业. 不同工况下,硫、酸、碱金属、飞灰等会导致SCR催化剂中毒. 因此,如何制备抗中毒性能好的脱硝催化剂,并且有效再生失活SCR催化剂一直是研究热点. 本综述针对不同中低温SCR的工况,对比总结脱硝催化剂的应用、抗中毒机制与再生方法,最后对中低温SCR脱硝催化技术进行展望.
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关键词:
- 中低温氨选择性催化还原 /
- 脱硝 /
- 催化剂 /
- 抗中毒 /
- 再生.
Abstract: The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology of NOx with NH3 at medium-low temperature are widely used in steel, coking, ceramics, glass, cement, waste incineration, gas boilers and other non-electric industries. Different working conditions, e.g., sulfur, acid, alkali metals, fly ash, etc. lead to the poisoning of SCR catalysts. Therefore, SCR catalysts with the excellent anti-poisoning ability and regeneration performance are big challenges and attract more attention. This review compares and summarizes the antipoisoning mechanisms and regeneration methods under various industrial SCR conditions of medium-low temperature. Finally, the prospect of SCR technology at medium-low temperature is discussed.-
Key words:
- medium-low temperature NH3-SCR /
- deNOx /
- catalyst /
- antipoisoning mechanisms /
- regeneration.
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图 1 (a)Cu0.2Ce/CAC-CNTs表面NH3−SCR反应机制示意图[47];(b)氧化铈上硫酸盐存在状态与NO转化的示意图[50];(c)SO2分别在CeO2、CeO2/TiO2和TiO2/CeO2上的反应机制[51]
Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of NH3−SCR of Cu0.2Ce/CAC-CNTs[47]; (b) Schematic diagram of relationships between the sulfate species and NO conversion on the sulfated CeO2[50]; (c) Reaction routes of SO2 proposed on CeO2, CeO2/TiO2 and TiO2/CeO2[51]
图 2 (a)在100 ℃下,CeMn和CeMn-Z5催化剂的NO转化率与K2O负载量的关系. 反应条件:0.05% NO,0.05% NH3,5% O2,5% H2O,用Ar作为平衡气体,WHSV = 60000 mL·h−1·g−1;(b)CeMn/ZSM-5催化剂抗K中毒机理示意图[58]
Figure 2. (a) NO conversion versus loading K2O amounts at 100 ℃ over CeMn and CeMn-Z5. Reaction conditions: 0.05% NO, 0.05% NH3, 5% O2, 5% H2O, and balanced with Ar, WHSV = 60000 mL·h−1·g−1; (b) Schematic illustration of the anti-K poisoning mechanism over CeMn catalyst coupled with ZSM-5[58]
表 1 不同工况下的NH3-SCR催化剂
Table 1. NH3-SCR catalysts applied in different industrial conditions
行业
Industry工况
Working condition催化剂种类
Catalyst type钢铁 80—200 ℃,NOx:200—310 mg·m−3,SO2:400—1500 mg·m−3,粉尘约100 mg·m−3,含二氧化碳、氟化氢和二噁英等[10] V2O5/TiO2 焦化 180—300 ℃,NOx:100—1200 mg·m−3,SO2:30—190 mg·m−3,粉尘:5—100 mg·m−3,含一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢和苯并芘等[10] V2O5/TiO2 陶瓷 80—150 ℃,NOx:200—1100 mg·m−3,SO2:500—5000 mg·m−3,含氟化物、氯化物、重金属等[10] V2O5/TiO2 玻璃 180—220 ℃,NOx:1200—3000 mg·m−3,SO2:300—3300 mg·m−3,粉尘:200—280 mg·m−3,含氯化氢、氟化氢、碱性氧化物、少量重金属[10, 31] V2O5/TiO2 [32] 水泥 120—180 ℃,NOx:800—1200 mg·m−3,SO2:50—200 mg·m−3,颗粒物30000—80000 mg·m−3,含二氧化碳、氢氟酸[10] Ce掺杂的TiO2-V2O5-WO3[33] 垃圾焚烧 含有氯化氢、硫氧化物、NOx(主要为燃料型NOx)、粉尘、二噁英和重金属等污染物,含水率20%以上[34] V2O5-WO3/TiO2或V2O5-WO3/TiO2
为配方的蜂窝催化剂[34]燃气锅炉 120—160 ℃,NOx:1000—1200 mg·m−3,含CO2、H2O [35] Cu/Al2O3[35],Mn-V-Ce/TiO2(烟气中SO2含量极少时)[36] -
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