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抗生素等新污染物引起的环境问题已引起广泛关注. 四环素(TC)是目前应用最多,最广泛的广谱抗生素之一[1],主要用于临床医疗和畜禽养殖,而废水中残留的TC进入环境水体后对水生生物和人体存在潜在威胁[2]. 但已有污水处理设施对TC的去除效果有限,基于活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)的高级氧化技术(AOPs)可高效降解四环素类抗生素,在含TC污水的治理中具有广阔应用前景[3].
合适的催化剂可实现PMS的高效活化,进而促进TC的降解. 生物炭具有理化性质易调控,原料来源广泛,环境友好且成本低廉的优点,是一种良好的PMS催化剂[4],但生物炭的催化效能和循环利用性能有待进一步提升. 零价铁具有强还原性和环境友好的优点[5],也存在不稳定和易团聚的缺点[6-7],通过耦合生物炭和零价铁,可实现PMS的高效活化,如陈家玮教授等团队研究发现零价铁修饰可显著改善生物炭的催化效能[8-10]. 值得注意的是,本课题组近期发现球磨可改变生物炭的表面含氧官能团和缺陷结构,进而调控其活化PMS的效能[11],因此推测使用球磨生物炭负载零价铁可获得高效的PMS催化剂. 但目前球磨生物炭负载零价铁活化PMS降解TC的性能和内在驱动机制尚需进一步的探究.
本研究利用水热法制备了球磨生物炭负载零价铁复合材料,并将其作为PMS催化剂用于降解TC. 结合SEM、TEM、EDS mapping、BET、FTIR、XRD、XPS 和EPR等一系列表征,分析催化剂的理化性质. 研究复合材料活化PMS降解TC的效能,探寻最佳反应条件,并对其循环利用性能及抗干扰能力进行测试,有望为生物质的资源化利用,生物炭负载零价铁材料/PMS类芬顿体系去除水中抗生素提供理论支持.
球磨生物炭负载零价铁催化过一硫酸盐降解四环素
Degradation of tetracycline by peroxymonosulfate catalyzed by ball-milled biochar loaded with zero-valent iron
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摘要: 生物炭负载零价铁(ZVI/BC)在高级氧化处理有机污水领域具有广阔的应用前景,但通过球磨改性载体生物炭,进而提升ZVI/BC的催化效能尚缺乏系统研究. 首先通过球磨处理得到系列球磨生物炭,再利用水热法制备球磨生物炭负载零价铁(ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5),采用SEM、TEM、EDS Mapping、XRD、BET和FTIR对复合材料的理化性质进行表征. 研究结果表明,ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5/PMS体系可实现四环素(TC)的高效降解,当催化剂、PMS和TC的浓度分别为20 mg∙L−1、1 mmol∙L−1和20 mg∙L−1,pH = 5.0,反应时间为30 min时,TC的降解效率可达87.1%;催化剂和PMS浓度的增加均能够促进TC在ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5/PMS体系中的降解;水体中共存阴离子和腐殖酸对反应体系影响较小;自由基猝灭实验和EPR分析证实ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5/PMS体系中存在自由基途径和非自由基途径,其中•OH起主要作用;综合XPS结果说明C=O和Fe物种是ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5表面主要的催化位点.Abstract: Biochar supported zero-valent iron (ZVI/BC) is promising in treating organic wastewater through advanced oxidation treatment. However, the catalytic performance of ZVI/BC by modifying biochar through ball milling lacks systematic study so far. A series of ball-milled biochar was prepared by ball milling, and then the zero-valent iron/ball-milled biochar hybrid (ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5) was prepared using a hydrothermal method. The physicochemical properties of the composite were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDS Mapping, XRD, BET and FTIR. Tetracycline (TC) could be efficiently degraded in ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5/PMS system. Specially, the removal efficiency of TC reached 87.1% at pH 5.0 after 30 min when the concentrations of TC, PMS and catalyst were 20 mg∙L−1, 1 mmol∙L−1 and 20 mg∙L−1, respectively. In ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5/PMS system, the removal efficiencies of TC increased with the increase of catalyst and PMS concentration, while the anion and humic acid had little effect on the catalytic efficiency. Furthermore, free radical quenching experiment and EPR analysis confirmed the existence of free radical and non-free radical pathways, and •OH played a major role in ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5/PMS system. The results of XPS showed that C=O and Fe species were the main catalytic sites on ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5 surface.
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Key words:
- biochar /
- zero-valent iron /
- peroxymonosulfate /
- catalytic degradation /
- advanced oxidation process.
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图 5 (a)不同球质比,(b)不同球磨时间对球磨生物炭/PMS去除四环素的影响,(c)不同ZVI负载比例对复合材料/PMS去除四环素的影响,(d)不同反应体系的去除效果;(e)不同复合材料/PMS体系的kobs和(f)不同催化剂/PMS体系的kobs
Figure 5. Effects of (a) different ball-material ratio, (b) different milling-time on tetracycline removal of ball-milled biochar/PMS, (b) effects of different ZVI loading ratio on tetracycline removal of composite materials/PMS and (d) removal effects of different reaction systems. (e) kobs values of different composites materials/PMS and (f) kobs values of different catalysts/PMS
图 7 (a)共存阴离子和腐殖酸的影响;(b)催化剂ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5的循环实验;(c)催化剂ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5反应前后的XRD图;(d)实际水体实验
Figure 7. (a) Influence of co-existing anions and humic acids on the reaction system; (b) Cycle experiment of ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5;(c) XRD images of ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5 before and after reaction; (d) Actual water body experiment
表 1 催化剂的比表面积和孔隙参数
Table 1. The specific surface area and pore parameters of catalysts
催化剂
Catalyst比表面积/ (m2·g−1)
BET总孔体积/(cm3·g−1)
Vtotal平均孔径/nm
Pore sizeBC 1263 1.105 3.502 BC40-0.5 1136 1.059 3.063 ZVI/0.25BC40-0.5 78 0.148 3.810 -
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