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虽然在我国颁布的《污水综合排放标准》中,已明确二级标准下磷酸盐的排放需小于1 mg·L−1. 但是现阶段由于农业磷肥的施用,以及日常生产生活中含磷废水的无序排放,导致实际进入自然水体中的磷酸盐远超过执行标准. 磷元素是水生生物生长的重要营养因子,当过多的磷酸盐进入湖泊、海湾等缓流水体,并超过了水体的自净能力时,将导致水体富营养化,从而引发水华或者赤潮,造成水体溶解氧量下降,水质恶化. 这不仅会造成鱼类及其他生物大量死亡,形成黑臭水体,而且由爆发性生长的浮游植物产生的藻毒素还会危害人类的健康[1]. 因此,在富营养化水体的防治中,减少外源磷的输入、降低上覆水体中的磷浓度非常重要. 此外,还需控制富营养化水体底泥中内源磷的释放.
上覆水体中磷酸盐去除方法包括:膜过滤法、化学沉淀法、生物修复法、电化学法和吸附法等,其中吸附法由于修复周期短、操作简单、成本低廉等优势引起广泛关注[2]. 底泥中的内源磷可采用原位钝化技术,利用钝化剂对内源磷进行吸附封存处理[3 − 4]. 值得注意的是,吸附法和原位钝化技术的核心均是吸附材料的研发.
类水滑石材料(HTLs, hydrotalcite-like materials)具有成本低,合成简单, 结构可调,“记忆效应”等优点,被广泛应用于催化、医药、阻滞剂等领域[5 − 8]. 该类材料被报道可有效吸附水体中的亚砷酸盐、砷酸盐、铬酸盐、磷酸盐、亚硒酸盐、硒酸盐、硼酸盐、硝酸盐等[2, 9- 10],且对于底泥中的磷酸盐也有较好的结合作用[11 − 12].
为了更好了解和应用HTLs,本文系统综述了HTLs的合成方法、HTLs的结构特性,以及常用的改性方法,并对比了同类改性材料间以及不同改性材料之间的吸附效果的差异,讨论了HTLs吸附水体中磷酸盐的影响因素和吸附机理. 同时,归纳了目前HTLs对内源磷的控制效果,分析了其作用机理,指出了HTLs用于吸附/钝化水体中磷酸盐的不足,进而对 HTLs在吸附/钝化水体中的磷酸盐的实际应用方面进行了展望.
类水滑石材料吸附/钝化磷酸盐的研究进展
Progress of research on phosphate adsorption/passivation by hydrotalcite-like materials
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摘要: 控磷是治理富营养化水体的一个关键步骤. 类水滑石材料(HTLs,Hydrotalcite-like materials)由于其特殊的理化结构和性质,可有效地吸附水体中的磷酸盐,且可通过结合沉积物中磷酸盐的方式,抑制沉积物中的磷向水体释放,是一种具有巨大应用潜力的控磷材料. 近年来,围绕HTLs控磷的主题所发表的研究论文日益增多. 为了更好地理解HTLs,并将其应用到水体富营养化的防治中,本文介绍了HTLs的组成、特性、制备方法;梳理了提高HTLs对磷酸盐阴离子吸附性能的改性方法,对比了不同HTLs对水体中磷酸盐阴离子的吸附性能和对内源磷的控制效果;总结了HTLs对水体中和沉积物中磷酸盐阴离子的吸附机理、影响HTLs吸附效果的因素;最后分析了HTLs在应用过程中可能存在的问题. 论文对今后 HTLs在水体控磷领域中的研究与应用方向进行了展望.Abstract: Phosphorus control is a key step in the management of eutrophic water. Hydrotalcite-like materials (HTLs) can effectively adsorb phosphate from water due to their special physicochemical structure and properties, and can inhibit the release of phosphorus from sediments into water by binding phosphate in sediments, which is a phosphorus control material with great potential for application. In recent years, an increasing number of research papers have been published on the topic of phosphorus control by HTLs. In order to better understand HTLs and apply them to the prevention and treatment of eutrophic water, this paper firstly introduces the composition, characteristics, and preparation methods of HTLs; secondly, it sorts out the altered performance methods to improve the adsorption performance of HTLs on phosphate anions, compares the adsorption performance of different HTLs on phosphate anions in water, and compares the control effect of different HTLs on endogenous phosphorus; then, it summarizes the adsorption mechanism of HTLs on phosphate anions in water, sediments, and the factors affecting the adsorption effect of HTLs due to the experimental results; and then it analyzes the possible problems of HTLs in the application process. Finally, this paper provides an outlook on the future research and application directions of HTLs in aqueous phosphorus control field.
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Key words:
- hydrotalcite-like materials /
- phosphate /
- adsorbent /
- endogenous control /
- eutrophication.
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表 1 HTLs的合成方法
Table 1. The synthetic methods of HTLs
方法
Method合成过程
Synthetic process优点
Advantage缺点
Disadvantage共沉淀法[13] 同时滴定金属盐溶液与碱液,发生共沉淀反应,老化一定时间后得到HTLs材料 操作步骤简单,容易量产 滴定的过程中,在强力搅拌的条件下,碱液并不是均匀分散在溶液中,从而导致合成的HTLs结晶度低;由于成核时间不均一,导致HTLs的晶粒大小不均匀 尿素分解法[14 − 17] 用尿素替代碱液,在尿素缓慢水解的过程中,保持溶液的pH在9-10,发生共沉淀反应,得到HTLs 操作步骤简单,容易量产,且结晶度高,晶粒均一 尿素水解速度缓慢,在整个结晶过程中过饱和度差,晶核生长缓慢,导致晶粒尺寸变大,合成的HTLs比表面积变小 水热法[18 − 19] 将一定比例的金属盐与尿素混合均匀的水溶液转移至高压釜中. 在水热条件下,尿素分解成氨,产生OH-和CO32-,然后金属离子与OH-逐渐沉淀,形成水镁石状层, 同时碳酸盐与水一起插层到层间,生成HTLs 提供高压环境有利于晶核生长,减少了合成时间,提高结晶度 水热釜高压存在安全问题 电磁波辅助法[20 − 23] 将金属盐与碱沉淀剂混合后,放入微波加热器中采用一定频率的电磁波作为热源
进行电磁加热减少了合成时间,增加比表面积,减小了晶粒尺寸 用微波加热器代替传统油浴/水浴锅进行加热,易造成合成反应速率过快产生安全问题 电化学法[24 − 26] 给电极上一定的电压, 从而水分解产生羟基基团. 可选用硫酸盐,金属硝酸盐,卤盐等不同溶液,电解产生的羟基基团与液中的金属离子结合, 然后在导电基底上形成 HTLs 纳米阵列或薄膜 简单快速,可制备出HTLs纳米阵列和薄膜 需要特定的电化学设备,一般用于订制特别需求的HTLs材料 溶胶-凝胶法[27] 采用金属乙酸盐在乙醇介质中共沸形成溶胶,进而在凝胶化过程中往体系添加计算量的去离子水、乙酸钠与氢氧化钠溶液等,控制金属离子配比、含水量,进而实现对产物组成、物相和结构的调控 产出的HTLs材料纯度高,比表面积高 合成步骤相对复杂 表 2 HTLs吸附剂去除磷酸盐离子的比较评价
Table 2. Comparative evaluation of phosphate ion removal by HTLs adsorbents
吸附剂
Adsorbent比表面积/ (m2·g−1)
Specific surface area饱和吸附量/(mg·g−1)
Saturation adsorption
capacity Qm吸附条件
Adsorption conditions动力学模型
Kinetic model参考文献
Ref.Ca-Al HTL NF 66.7 pH 7; 0.3 g·L−1; 0—20 mg·L−1; 2 h P-S [33] Zn1.25Al-NO3 HTL 40.0 90.9 pH NF; 1 g·L−1; 5—200 mg·L−1;
24 h; RTP-F [35] Mg-Al HTL 104.0 31.3 NF P-S [37] Zn-Al HTL 135.0 68.4 NF P-S [37] Mg-Al HTL 26 228 pH 5; 0.3 g·L−1;
0.06—3.2 mmol·L−1; RTNF [38] 均苯四甲酸插层
Zn-Al HTLNF 64.3 pH 5; 1 g·L−1; 5—100 mg·L−1;
4 h; 50 ℃P-S [39] FeMg2Mn HTL NF 34.3 pH 6.5; 1 g·L−1; 0.5—100 mg·L−1;
4 h; 25 ℃P-S [40] Mg-Al HTL 64.4 26.6 pH 7; 5 g·L−1; 0.2—5 mmol·L−1;
2 h; 25 ℃P-S [41] HTL, 类水滑石吸附剂. HTL, Hydrotalcite-like material. RT, 室温. RT, room temperature. NF, 无相关信息. NF, no information; P-S: 准二级动力学模型. P-S:pseudo second-order model. P-F: 准一级动力学模型. P-F: pseudo first-order model. 表 3 HTLs焙烧材料吸附剂去除磷酸盐离子的比较评价
Table 3. Comparative evaluation of phosphate ion removal by adsorbents of HTLs calcined materials
HTLs焙烧材料
Calcinated HTLs比表面积/(m2·g−1)
Specific surface area饱和吸附量/(mg·g−1)
Saturation adsorption
capacity Qm吸附条件
Adsorption conditions动力学模型
Kinetic model焙烧温度/℃
Calcinated Temperature参考
文献
Ref.Zn1.25Al-NO3 90 172.2 pH NF; 1 g·L−1;
5—200 mg·L−1 24 hP-S 325 [35] Zn-Al 85.5 ~247 pH NF; 1 g·L−1
0.25—2.5 mmol·L−1P-S 200 [45] Zn-Al NF 92.58 pH NF; 0—20 mg·L−1; 72 h; 50 ℃ P-S 300 [46] Mg-Fe NF 9.8 pH ~7; 2 g·L−1;
5—40 mg·L−1 2 h; RTP-S 450 [47] 表 4 不同吸附剂对磷酸盐的吸附能力比较
Table 4. Comparison of phosphate adsorption capacity of various adsorbents
吸附剂
Adsorbent比表面积/ (m2·g−1)
Specific surface area饱和吸附量/(mg·g−1)
Saturation adsorption capacity Qm吸附条件
Adsorption conditions参考文献
Ref.LA@TCAP 71.9 10.6 pH 7; 1 g·L−1; 10—100 mg·L−1; 24 h; 25 ℃ [55] TCAP 29.2 4.1 pH 7; 1 g·L−1; 10—100 mg·L−1; 24 h; 25 ℃ [55] Al@TCAP 72.3 8.8 pH 7; 1 g·L−1; 10—100 mg·L−1; 24 h; 25 ℃ [55] 沸石 500 25.9 NF [56] 商用氢氧化镧 31.1 55.6 pH NF; 2.5 g·L−1; 5—500 mg·L−1; 25 ℃ [57] 改性氢氧化镧 153.3 107.5 pH NF; 2.5 g·L−1; 5—500 mg·L−1; 25 ℃ [57] 羟基铝膨润土 200 12.7 pH 3; 4 g·L−1; 25—60 mg·L−1; RT [58] 镧改性介孔二氧化硅 67.4 42.8 pH 5; 0.5 g·L−1; 0—57 mg·L−1; 25 °C [59] 木质生物炭 147 12.0 pH 7; 12.5 g·L−1; 25—150 mg·L−1; 25 °C [60] 商用树脂材料 NF 48 pH 7.2—7.6; 0.1—10 g·L−1; 10 mg·L−1; 24 °C [61] 蛋壳焙烧材料 19.32 32.6 pH 2—10; 2 g·L−1; 65 mg·L-1 ;25 °C [62] 锌铝HTL焙烧材料 90 172.2 pH NF; 1 g·L−1; 5—200 mg·L−1; 24 h [35] 锌铝HTL焙烧材料 85.5 ~247 pH NF; 1 g·L−1; 0.25—2.5 mmol·L−1 [45] TCAP:热处理富钙凹凸棒石. TCAP: thermally treated calcium-rich attapulgite.
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