-
好氧颗粒污泥沉降性能好、处理效率高、生物量高、抗冲击负荷能力强,可实现同步脱氮除磷[1-2],其具有显著的节省占地、节约能源和降低化学药剂使用量等优点,是一项应用价值很高的污水处理技术[3]。除磷颗粒污泥是在厌氧好氧交替环境下,利用生长速率较慢的除磷功能菌群(聚磷菌和聚糖菌)培养的一种特殊的好氧的颗粒污泥,近年来由于其较高的稳定性受到越来越多的关注。除磷功能菌群偏好挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),因此,现有研究常常以乙酸钠、丙酸钠等挥发性脂肪酸盐为碳源[4],在短期内便可形成颗粒污泥[5]。然而,在实际污水中,VFA含量非常有限,大分子有机物(胶体态、颗粒态)才是碳源的主体,全球实际污水中大分子有机物约占总好氧性有机物(以COD计)的50%~90%[6]。尽管大分子有机物有一定的絮凝作用[2,7],但其缓慢的扩散、水解发酵过程,可能通过影响微生物的代谢过程而抑制除磷功能菌群的生长,进而减缓甚至阻碍除磷污泥的颗粒化[8]。但目前对于大分子有机物在除磷颗粒污泥系统的降解研究较少,关于在大分子有机物作用下除磷污泥的颗粒化的机理尚不清楚。
胞外聚合物(EPS)是微生物在一定条件下,由自身代谢产生并黏附于细胞壁外的一种高分子聚合物[9-10],由多糖(PS)、蛋白质(PN)、DNA、脂类、腐殖酸、氨基酸等和一些无机成分共同组成[11],其中PS和PN约占总量的70%~80%[12]。胞外聚合物是微生物聚集体的重要组成部分,在颗粒污泥的形成和结构稳定中有汲取营养、信号传递、吸附架桥等重要作用[13-15]。胞外聚合物假说是颗粒污泥形成机理的重要假说之一[16-17]。在为数不多的关于大分子有机物对除磷颗粒污泥影响的研究中,主要考察系统的运行效果(除碳、脱氮、除磷)和污泥的颗粒化进程,而对胞外聚合物的关注较少。WAGNER等[18]指出,以胰蛋白胨和颗粒态淀粉等大分子有机物为碳源时,延长厌氧时间可以提高系统的除磷效率,有利于除磷颗粒污泥的形成。LAYER等[19]发现,当进水中含有大量大分子有机物时,将进水后的厌氧静置改为厌氧搅拌,可以提高系统的脱氮除磷效率,改善污泥的沉降性能并促进污泥颗粒化。
EPS的产生及组分与基质种类密切相关[20]。李冬等[21]发现当分别以葡萄糖和生活污水为碳源时,PS在葡萄糖系统的含量较高,而PN在生活污水系统中的含量较高。HE等[22]指出,LB-EPS在乙酸钠系统的含量最高,在淀粉系统最少[23]。但是,WANG等[24]发现,以葡萄糖为基质的EPS中多糖和蛋白的含量均少于以淀粉为基质时,淀粉的水解过程会促进EPS中PN的分泌。张杰等[25]指出,向丙酸钠为主要碳源的进水中投加30%的淀粉,可以刺激微生物分泌淀粉酶,增加EPS中蛋白质的含量,有利于颗粒污泥的形成。然而,这些研究多关注多糖和蛋白质含量等传统指标的变化,且大都基于活性污泥系统,对于颗粒污泥系统中EPS的变化,以及何种组分是影响污泥颗粒化的主要因素尚未有定论。与此同时,现有研究对EPS在污泥表面的分布情况、蛋白质和多糖种类、带电性等特征关注较少。
本研究拟分别以100% NaAc、60% NaAc+40%胰蛋白胨和60%可溶性淀粉+40%胰蛋白胨为碳源,采用扫描电镜、三维荧光光谱分析、Zeta电位等检测方法考察大分子有机物作用下除磷颗粒污泥中EPS的组分差异,并结合污泥性状及颗粒化进程,探索大分子有机物作用下EPS对除磷污泥颗粒化的影响。
大分子有机物作用下胞外聚合物对除磷污泥颗粒化的影响
Effect of extracellular polymeric substrates on the granulation of phosphorus removal sludge fed with macromolecular organic matter
-
摘要: 平行运行3组等工作体积推流式进水的序批式反应器,分别采用100% NaAc(R1)、60% NaAc+40%胰蛋白胨(R2)、60%可溶性淀粉+40%胰蛋白胨(R3)为碳源模拟生活污水,考察了大分子有机物作用下胞外聚合物(EPS)对除磷污泥颗粒化的影响。三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,大分子碳源使污泥疏松型EPS(LB-EPS)的组分更加丰富,R1系统污泥LB-EPS中含有芳香类蛋白物质Ⅱ、色氨酸类蛋白质和其他蛋白质类物质,R2、R3系统污泥LB-EPS中还增加了类腐殖酸物质。碳源的差异未对紧密型EPS(TB-EPS)的组分造成影响。随着大分子有机物含量的增加,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中多糖(PS)、LB-EPS中蛋白质(PN)含量依次减少,不利于污泥的聚集和颗粒化;TB-EPS中PN含量与污泥颗粒化间无显著相关性。随着大分子有机物占比的增加,TB-EPS Zeta电位的中位数依次降低,分别为−9.27、−12.32、−14.06 mV,大分子有机物使污泥聚集体内部斥力增大,导致污泥颗粒密实度降低。与之相反,LB-EPS Zeta电位的中位数依次升高,分别为−14.57、−12.57、−10.61 mV,大分子有机物使各污泥聚集体之间的斥力减弱,多个小聚集体相互融合,从而形成结构疏松并有多个核心的除磷颗粒污泥。此外,提出了大分子有机物作用下基于EPS的除磷污泥颗粒化模型。Abstract: The effects of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) on the granulation of phosphorus removal sludge fed with macromolecular organic matter was studied in three sequence batch reactors (SBR) with equal working volume, which were operated in parallel with plug flow influent and artificial wastewaters containing 100%NaAc (R1), 60% NaAc+40% tryptone (R2), and 60% soluble starch +40% tryptone (R3) as the carbon sources, respectively. Analysis of three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the macromolecular carbon source led to more diverse loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS). The LB-EPS of R1 contained aromatic protein substances II, tryptophan and other protein-like substances, besides them, humic acid-like substances were also found in LB-EPS of R2 and R3. The difference of carbon source did not affect the components of tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). With the increase of macromolecular organic matter, the contents of polysaccharide (PS) in both EPSs and protein (PN) in LB-EPS decreased successively, which was adverse to the aggregation and granulation of sludge; The contents of PN in TB-EPS was weakly correlated with the sludge granulation. As the proportion of macromolecular organic matter increased, the medians of Zeta potential of TB-EPS decreased in turn, which were −9.27, −12.32 and −14.06 mV, respectively. The macromolecular organic matter increased the internal repulsive force in the sludge aggregate and decreased the sludge compactness. On the contrary, the medians of the Zeta potential of LB-EPS increased in turn, which were −14.57, −12.57 and −10.61 mV, respectively. The macromolecular organic matter reduced the repulsive force among the sludge aggregates, and multiple small aggregates gathered and aggregated to form phosphorus removal granular sludge with loose structure and multiple cores. This study also proposed a granulation model of phosphorus removal sludge based on EPS considering the effect of macromolecular organic matter.
-
表 1 反应器进水成分
Table 1. Composition of the synthetic wastewater
反应器 NaAc/
(mg·L−1)可溶性淀粉/
(mg·L−1)胰蛋白胨/
(mg·L−1)NH4Cl/
(mg·L−1)K2HPO4/
(mg·L−1)KH2PO4/
(mg·L−1)R1 513 153 44.29 17.86 R2 307 160 76 44.29 17.86 R3 256 160 76 44.29 17.86 注:R1反应器进水以NaAc为唯一碳源,氮源全部由NH4Cl提供;R2反应器进水碳源由60%NaAc+40%胰蛋白胨提供,氮源由胰蛋白胨和NH4Cl各提供50%;R3反应器进水碳源由60%可溶性淀粉和40%胰蛋白胨提供,氮源由胰蛋白胨和NH4Cl各提供50%。碳源比例以COD计,氮源比例以总氮计。 -
[1] NANCHARAIAH Y V, REDDY G K K. Aerobic granular sludge technology: mechanisms of granulation and biotechnological applications[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 247: 1128-1143. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.131 [2] PRONK M, ABBAS B, AL-ZUHAIRY S H K, et al. Effect and behaviour of different substrates in relation to the formation of aerobic granular sludge[J]. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015, 99(12): 5257-5268. [3] KHAN A A, AHMAD M, GIESEN A. NEREDA®: An emerging technology for sewage treatment[J]. Water Practice and Technology, 2015, 10(4): 799-805. doi: 10.2166/wpt.2015.098 [4] HE Q L, ZHOU J, WANG H Y, et al. Microbial population dynamics during sludge granulation in an A/O/A sequencing batch reactor[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 214: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.088 [5] SENGAR A, BASHEER F, AZIZ A, et al. Aerobic granulation technology: Laboratory studies to full scale practices[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 197: 616-632. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.167 [6] WANG B B, PENG D C, HOU Y P, et al. The important implications of particulate substrate in determining the physicochemical characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge[J]. Water Research, 2014, 58: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.060 [7] DAVID G W, JULIEN M, ALESSANDRO B, et al. Multilevel correlations in the biological phosphorus removal process: From bacterial enrichment to conductivity-based metabolic batch tests and poly-phosphatase assays[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2014, 111(12): 2421-2435. doi: 10.1002/bit.25320 [8] 王杰, 彭永臻, 杨雄, 等. 不同碳源种类对好氧颗粒污泥合成PHA的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(8): 2360-2366. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2015.08.014 [9] 李冬, 田海成, 梁瑜海, 等. 水质条件对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS含量的影响[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2017, 49(2): 6-12. doi: 10.11918/j.issn.0367-6234.2017.02.002 [10] SHI Y H, HUANG J H, ZENG G M, et al. Exploiting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) controlling strategies for performance enhancement of biological wastewater treatments: An overview[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 180: 396-411. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.042 [11] 宋悦, 魏亮亮, 赵庆良, 等. 活性污泥胞外聚合物的组成与结构特点及环境行为[J]. 环境保护科学, 2017, 43(2): 35-40. [12] TENG J H, WU M F, CHEN J R, et al. Different fouling propensities of loosely and tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and the related fouling mechanisms in a membrane bioreactor[J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 255: 126953. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126953 [13] 郭安, 王然登, 彭永臻. 好氧颗粒污泥形成及稳定运行的研究进展[J]. 水处理技术, 2015, 41(1): 15-19. [14] 王冬, 王少坡, 周瑶, 等. 胞外聚合物在污水处理过程中的功能及其控制策略[J]. 工业水处理, 2019, 39(10): 14-19. doi: 10.11894/iwt.2018-0931 [15] 周俊, 周立祥, 黄焕忠. 污泥胞外聚合物的提取方法及其对污泥脱水性能的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(7): 2752-2757. [16] 王然登. 生物除磷体系中颗粒污泥的形成机理及其特性研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2011. [17] 彭永臻, 吴蕾, 马勇, 等. 好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、特性及应用研究进展[J]. 环境科学, 2010, 31(2): 273-281. [18] WAGNER A, WEISSBRODT D G, MANGUIN V, et al. Effect of particulate organic substrate on aerobic granulation and operating conditions of sequencing batch reactors[J]. Water Research, 2015, 85: 158-166. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.030 [19] LAYER M, ADLER A, REYNAERT E, et al. Organic substrate diffusibility governs microbial community composition, nutrient removal performance and kinetics of granulation of aerobic granular sludge[J]. Water Research, 2019, 4: 1-16. [20] CALUWE M, DOBBELEERS T, D'AES J, et al. Formation of aerobic granular sludge during the treatment of petrochemical wastewater[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 238: 559-567. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.068 [21] 李冬, 吴青, 梁瑜海, 等. 不同基质条件对亚硝化污泥胞外聚合物的影响[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2015, 47(4): 81-86. doi: 10.11918/j.issn.0367-6234.2015.04.014 [22] HE Q L, SONG Q, ZHANG S L, et al. Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal in an aerobic granular sequencing batch reactor with mixed carbon sources: reactor performance, extracellular polymeric substances and microbial successions[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 331: 841-849. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.060 [23] YE F X, PENG G, LI Y, et al. Influences of influent carbon source on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of activated sludge[J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 84(9): 1250-1255. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.004 [24] WANG B B, PENG D C, HOU Y P, et al. The important implications of particulate substrate in determining the physicochemical characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge[J]. Water Research, 2014, 58(1): 1-8. [25] 张杰, 张金库, 李冬, 等. 淀粉对除磷污泥颗粒化的影响[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2016, 48(2): 21-26. doi: 10.11918/j.issn.0367-6234.2016.02.004 [26] 国家环境保护总局. 水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 4版. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2002. [27] 温丹丹, 袁林江, 陈希, 等. 3种不同工艺切换下活性污泥菌群结构及代谢产物对污泥沉降性能的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(10): 4644-4652. [28] BEER D, FLAHARTY V, THAVEESRI J. Distribution of extracellular polysaccharides and flotation of anaerobic sludge[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1996, 46(2): 197-201. doi: 10.1007/s002530050805 [29] 刘燕, 王越兴, 莫华娟, 等. 有机底物对活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响[J]. 环境化学, 2004, 23(3): 252-257. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2004.03.003 [30] BARR J J, COOK A E, BOND P L, et al. Granule formation mechanisms within an aerobic wastewater system for phosphorus removal[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2010, 76(22): 7588-7597. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00864-10 [31] 高永青, 张帅, 张树军, 等. 实际城市污水培养好氧颗粒污泥的中试研究[J]. 中国给水排水, 2017, 33(5): 22-25. [32] CHEN W, WESTERHOFF P, LEENHEER J A, et al. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003, 37(24): 5701-5710. doi: 10.1021/es034354c [33] YU G H, WU M J, LUO Y H, et al. Fluorescence excitation emission spectroscopy with regional integration analysis for assessment of compost maturity[J]. Waste Management, 2011, 31(8): 1729-1736. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.031 [34] CHAI X L, LIU G X, ZHAO X, et al. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix combined with regional integration analysis to characterize the composition and transformation of humic and fulvic acids from landfill at different stabilization stages[J]. Waste Management, 2012, 32(3): 438-447. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.011 [35] ZHU L, ZHOU J, LV M, et al. Specific component comparison of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in flocs and granular sludge using EEM and SDS-PAGE[J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 121: 26-32. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.053 [36] 李定昌, 王琦, 高景峰, 等. 不同粒径成熟好氧颗粒污泥EPS的三维荧光光谱特性[J]. 中国给水排水, 2018, 34(7): 26-31. [37] 程祯, 刘永军, 刘喆, 等. 好氧污泥强化造粒过程中EPS的分布及变化规律[J]. 环境工程学报, 2015, 9(5): 2033-2040. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.20150501 [38] 李冬, 王樱桥, 张杰, 等. 高径比对生活污水好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(1): 141-148. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.01.015 [39] TAY J H, LIU Q S, LIU Y. The role of cellular polysaccharides in the formation and stability of aerobic granules[J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2001, 33(3): 222-226. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00986.x [40] 唐朝春, 刘名, 陈惠民, 等. 废水生物处理系统中胞外多聚物的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2014, 33(6): 1576-1581. [41] PUNAL A, BRAUCHI S, REYES J G, et al. Dynamics of extracellular polymeric substances in UASB and EGSB reactors treating medium and low concentrated wastewaters[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 48(6): 41-49. doi: 10.2166/wst.2003.0353 [42] SHENG G P, YU H Q, LI X Y, et al. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems: A review[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2010, 28(6): 882-894. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.001 [43] 杨明明, 刘子涵, 周杨, 等. 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS及其对污泥表面特性的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(5): 2341-2348. [44] YUAN S S, GAO M M, MA H, et al. Qualitatively and quantitatively assessing the aggregation ability of sludge during aerobic granulation process combined XDLVO theory with physicochemical properties[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2018, 67(5): 157-163. [45] LI H, ZHANG J F, SHEN L, et al. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by activated sludge: Correlation with extracellular polymeric substances and characteristics of activated sludge[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 361: 219-226. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.066 [46] SOBECK D C, HIGGINS M J. Examination of three theories for mechanisms of cation-induced bioflocculation[J]. Water Research, 2002, 36(3): 527-538. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00254-8 [47] GONZALEZ-GIL G, HOLLIGER C. Aerobic granules: Microbial landscape and architecture, stages, and practical implications[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014, 80(11): 3433-3441. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00250-14