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药品和个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)作为自然环境中具有潜在生态风险的一类新兴污染物,自身及代谢产物具有高水溶性、难降解性、高稳定性及难挥发性等特点,使用常规水处理手段难以去除,能通过不同途径大量流入自然水体,严重危害水环境质量和生态系统安全[1]。目前水中典型的PPCPs去除方法主要有物理法、生物法以及基于不同自由基去除的高级氧化法[2]。UV-LED/NaClO方法是一种基于氯自由基的高级氧化技术。已有研究[3-4]表明,UV-LED/NaClO方法可产生羟基自由基(HO·)、氯自由基(Cl·)、氯氧自由基(ClO·)、氧自由基(O−·)及次氯酸根自由基(ClOH·)等多种氧化性自由基,其中HO·为无选择性降解,含氯自由基(RCS)为选择性降解。因此,探明UV-LED/NaClO方法中不同自由基的去除贡献、水中阴离子等其他物质的影响对优化去除方法具有重要意义。
UV-LED/NaClO方法主要通过光解、氯化和自由基氧化等方式来降解污染物,其中RCS在取代或氧化反应过程中可能诱导氯化副产物形成。据报道[5],UV/氯方法能够促进一些毒性较强的卤代乙腈(HANs)卤代酮(HKs)和三氯硝基甲烷(TCP)消毒副产物(DBP)产生。因此,在使用UV-LED/NaClO方法去除污染物的过程中,溶液毒性的变化及有毒副产物的生成同样受到关注。但由于毒性产物作用机制复杂,结构特性各不相同,导致产物与毒性效应间的关系难以准确对应。因此,进一步厘清UV-LED/NaClO方法降解污染物过程中生成的毒性增强产物具有重要意义。美国EPA提出一种基于生物毒性实验的毒性鉴别(toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)评估技术体系,该方法能够确定疑似有毒物质的种类和浓度,并阐明有毒物质与生物效应之间的关系[6]。
作为一种典型酚类PPCPs,邻苯基苯酚(o-phenylphenol,OPP)在2017年被世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构列为3类致癌物之一[7]。赖成然等[3]采用UV-LED/NaClO方法初步确定了HO·、Cl·和ClO·与OPP的二级反应速率常数。阴离子CO32−、NO3−以及天然有机质(NOM)等水质参数对不同组分贡献的影响却鲜见报道。
本研究以OPP为目标污染物,采用UV-LED/NaClO去除方法,分别考察CO32−、NO3−以及HA等因素对OPP降解过程中不同物种贡献的影响,研究环境水样中OPP去除时不同组分的贡献,推测OPP在UV-LED/NaClO方法中的降解路径,评估降解OPP过程中溶液的毒性变化;基于毒性鉴定评估 (TIE) 实验,筛选毒性效应增强产物,探讨产物与溶液毒性的关系,以期为全面评估UV-LED/NaClO方法降解水环境中微量污染物提供理论支撑和基础数据。
UV-LED/NaClO方法降解邻苯基苯酚过程中水质对自由基去除贡献的影响及产物毒性效应分析
Influence of water quality on contribution of free radical removal in the degradation of o-phenylphenol by UV-LED/NaClO method and its product toxicity effect analysis
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摘要: 为去除水中的邻苯基苯酚(OPP),以UV-LED/NaClO方法为降解手段,考察了CO32−、NO3−、腐殖酸(HA)对OPP去除的影响,探究了HO·、UV-LED、NaClO和含氯自由基(Cl·、ClO·)等对去除贡献的影响,结合降解产物提出可能的OPP降解途径,采用毒性鉴定评估方法,筛选出毒性效应增强产物。结果表明:在pH=7.0±0.2、OPP初始浓度为3 μmol·L−1、NaClO=40.3 nmol·L−1条件下,不同组分的去除贡献大小顺序为Cl·>NaClO>UV-LED>其他组分(CO3−·、Cl2−·、O−·等)>HO·>ClO·,Cl·对OPP去除贡献最大为31.13%;当CO32−和NO3−浓度由0增至1.0 mmol·L−1时,拟一级反应速率常数(kobs)逐渐增大,Cl·的相对贡献分别降低30.05%和23.60%,其他组分的相对贡献分别增加72.10%和5.889%;HO·和ClO·的相对贡献随CO32−投加量的增加,分别降低4.4%和5.4%,随NO3−投加量的增加,相对贡献分别增加16.9%和9.00%;随着HA质量浓度增加,OPP去除的抑制作用增强,不同组分的相对贡献率均不断降低,Cl·抑制效果最为明显,相对贡献率由31.3%降至25.4%;降解产物急性毒性和遗传毒性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并于3 min时达到最毒。由此可知:UV-LED/NaClO方法可以有效去除OPP,CO32−和NO3−可促进OPP去除,而HA会抑制OPP去除;降解产物多数大于母体污染物,但延长反应时间可降解有毒物质;具有毒性效应增强的产物可能为P7(C12H8O2)和P12(C12H8O3)2种醛类产物。本研究结果可为进一步探究UV-LED/NaClO方法降解水环境中微污染物提供参考。
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关键词:
- UV-LED/NaClO /
- 邻苯基苯酚 /
- 相对贡献 /
- 毒性鉴别 /
- 自由基
Abstract: In order to remove o-phenylphenol (OPP) from water, the UV-LED/NaClO method was used to degrade it. The influences of CO32−, NO3−, humic acid (HA) on OPP removal were studied, and the contributions of HO·, UV-LED, NaClO and chlorine radicals (Cl·、ClO·) on OPP decomposition were investigated. Furthermore, the degradation products were identified and the possible degradation pathways of OPP was proposed. In addition, the toxicity identification evaluation method was used to screen the degradation products with increased toxic effects. The result showed that at pH=7.0±0.2, OPP=3 μmol·L−1, NaClO=40.3 nmol·L−1, the contribution order of different species to OPP removal was Cl·>NaClO>UV-LED> other components (CO3−·、Cl2−·、O−·et al.)>HO·>ClO·, and the highest contributed of Cl· to OPP removal was 31.13%. The corresponding kobs increased with the dosages of CO32−and NO3− increasing from 0 to 1.0 mmol·L−1, then the relative contribution of Cl· decreased by 30.05% and 23.60%, respectively, the relative contributions of other components increased by 72.10% and 5.889% , respectively. The relative contribution of HO· and ClO· decreased by 4.4% and 5.4% with the increase of CO32− concentration, respectively, while increased by 16.9% and 9.00% with the increase of NO3− concentration, respectively. The inhibited effect for OPP removal increased with the increasing of HA concentration, the relative contribution of different species decreased accordingly, and the most inhibitory effects of Cl· occurred, the relative contribution decreased from 31.3% to 25.4%. The acute toxicity and genotoxicity of degradation products showed a increase trend at first, and then a decreased one, and reached the most toxic at 3 min. It can be seen that the UV-LED/NaClO method can effectively remove OPP, CO32− and NO3− can promote OPP removal, while HA inhibits OPP removal; some intermediate products possessed higher toxicity than their parent pollutants, but prolonging the reaction time can degrade toxic substances; the product with increased toxic effects may be aldehyde products P7(C12H8O2) and P12(C12H8O3). The results of this study can provide a reference for further study on the degradation of micro-pollutants in water by UV-LED/NaClO method. -
表 1 不同水样的主要水质参数
Table 1. Main water quality parameters of different water samples
水样 pH TOC/ (mg·L−1) UV254 /cm−1 Cl− /(mmol·L−1) 超纯水 6.79 0.120 0.0010 0.001 给水管网末端出水 7.13 1.38 0.018 0.002 坂头水库 6.32 2.62 0.063 0.05 表 2 XAD-8树脂分离OPP降解产物的参数
Table 2. Parameters of OPP degradation products separated by XAD-8 resin column
组分 质荷比m/z 中间产物编号 分子式 气质峰面积大或小 D1 170 OPP C12H10O6 小 94 P4 C6H6O 小 110 P5 C6H6O2 大 D2 94 P4 C6H6O 大 202 P6 C12H10O3 小 D3 184 P7 C12H8O2 大 148 P11 C12H8O2 小 D4 184 P7 C12H8O2 小 200 P12 C12H8O3 大 239 P3 C12H8OCl2 大 D5 239 P3 C12H8OCl2 小 200 P12 C12H8O3 小 -
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