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氯酚类污染物(Chlorophenols,CPs)主要来源于农药、医药、纺织印染等工业废水[1-2],具有高毒性、致癌性、生物累积性及难降解性等特点[3-4],一直都是工业水处理领域优先控制污染物。水中CPs常见控制方法包括吸附法、化学还原法、生物法及高级氧化法等[5-6],其中高级氧化法可将其转化为低毒、无毒的小分子有机物,因而备受关注[7-9]。芬顿法以高氧化电位·OH(E0=2.8 eV)作为主要活性氧物种(reactive oxygen species,ROS)[10-11],具有降解能力强、反应速率快等优势,因而应用最为广泛。但传统芬顿法存在pH适用范围窄、Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)循环速率慢及H2O2利用率低等不足[12-13]。
非均相芬顿技术虽然能克服均相芬顿pH适用范围窄的弊端,但仍存在Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)循环速率慢及H2O2利用率低等不足。非均相光芬顿技术将光照引入催化反应体系,可有效加速Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)循环速率、提高H2O2利用率[14-15]。Fe2O3作为一种常见的光芬顿催化剂,具有可见光响应性好、结构可调等优点[16-17]。但Fe2O3光生电子-空穴复合速率高,限制其表面Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)循环,导致其光芬顿活性较弱。构建异质结可以提高光生载流子分离效率,是制备高效能催化剂的有效策略[18]。TiO2作为一种廉价稳定且高效的光催化剂,然而TiO2仅能吸收紫外光,难以利用可见光[19]。将Fe2O3纳米簇原位负载于TiO2表面,不仅可以改善单一Fe2O3光生载流子复合速率快的问题,还可解决单一TiO2可见光吸收弱的问题。为此,本研究经过Fe2O3与TiO2的合理搭配,成功构建了异质结,并用于增强光芬顿过程,实现CPs的高效降解。
新型Z型异质结增强光芬顿降解水中氯酚
Novel Z-type heterojunction enhancing photo-Fenton degradation of aqueous chlorophenols
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摘要: 增强光生载流子分离和Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)循环是增强光芬顿催化剂性能的关键。本研究采用低温煅烧法制备系列新型Z型异质结Fe2O3-TiO2-x,利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等表征方法证实Fe2O3纳米簇成功结合在TiO2表面。以2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)为模型污染物评估系列催化剂的光芬顿性能,发现UV-Vis/H2O2/Fe2O3-TiO2-200体系最佳,可在12 min内实现完全降解。而且光照30 min后,2,4-DCP的矿化率可达91.5%、脱氯率可达100%。采用液质联用仪分析2,4-DCP的降解路径,主要经过脱氯和开环等过程,并发现其降解中间产物的毒性有效降低。深入分析新型Z型异质结增强光芬顿的机制,主要源自于内建电场驱动载流子分离、加速Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)循环。此外,UV-Vis/H2O2/Fe2O3-TiO2-200体系适用于酸性和中性、有机酸和高浓度阴离子共存的复杂水体,可高效、深度降解水中氯酚类污染物,具有良好的应用潜力。Abstract: Enhancing photogenerated-carriers separation and Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ) cycling are the key to improve the performance of photo-Fenton catalyst. In this study, a series of novel Z-type heterojunction Fe2O3-TiO2-x were prepared by low temperature calcination method, the Fe2O3 nanoclusters were successfully anchored on TiO2 surface by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Taking 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as the model pollutant, it was found that UV-Vis/H2O2/Fe2O3-TiO2-200 system exhibited the optimal photo-Fenton performance, in which 2,4-DCP was completely degraded within 12 min illumination. The mineralization and dechlorination rates of 2,4-DCP reached 91.5% and 100% after 30 min illumination, respectively. The degradation path of 2,4-DCP was analyzed via Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument, the dechlorination and ring-opening process was identified, and the toxicity of the degradation intermediates was effectively reduced. The enhanced photo-Fenton mechanism of Z-type heterojunction mainly resulted from the internal electric field driven-carrier separation and increased Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ) cycle. In addition, the UV-Vis/H2O2/Fe2O3-TiO2-200 system could efficiently degrade chlorophenols in the complex water body with the coexistence of organic acids and high concentration of anions under acidic and neutral conditions, which exhibited promising potential for application.
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Key words:
- photo-Fenton /
- catalysis /
- heterojunction /
- chlorophenol
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表 1 Fe2O3-TiO2-200与已报道光芬顿体系降解2,4-DCP的性能比较
Table 1. Comparison of 2,4-DCP degradation performance by Fe2O3-TiO2-200 with those by previously reported catalysts via photo-Fenton process
表 2 毒性分析
Table 2. Toxicity analysis
化合物 大鼠口服LD50/(mg·L−1) 生物富集系数 化合物 大鼠口服LD50/(mg·L−1) 生物富集系数 2,4-DCP 47.01 57.46 P8 129.96 7.91 P1 N/A 26.33 P9 9 305.88 0.53 P2 40 18.21 P10 707.55 0.53 P3 670.05 24.56 P11 3 308.15 0.6 P4 N/A 21.38 P12 4 698.42 0.74 P5 N/A 3.97 P13 7 506.47 0.17 P6 316.72 7.61 P14 1 310.16 0.2 P7 301.9 13.43 注:N/A表示未检测到。 -
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