基于物种敏感性分布评价长三角地区地表水壬基酚生态风险
Ecological Risk Assessment of Nonylphenol in Surface Waters of the Yangtze River Delta Based on Species Sensitivity Distribution Model
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摘要: 壬基酚（NP）是一种具有内分泌干扰效应的持久性有机污染物，具有难降解、易生物蓄积的特性，并在环境介质中长期赋存，其生态风险受到广泛关注。物种敏感性分布法（SSD）广泛应用于水生生物基准制定及水环境生态风险评估等研究工作。不同地理区域敏感物种有所差异，这会影响对水质基准与风险评估结果的分析。本研究以NP为例，基于通用敏感物种、中国本地敏感物种的SSD法获取NP的急慢性预测无效应浓度（PNEC），并以长三角地区典型地表水为评估对象采用商值法获取风险商（RQ）进行生态风险评价。研究结果表明，基于急性毒性数据时，用SSD法获取的通用敏感物种与中国本地敏感物种的PNEC差异较小，说明中国本地物种对NP的急性毒性效应敏感程度与通用物种类似；基于慢性毒性数据计算得到的PNEC差异较大，中国本地物种对于NP的慢性毒性效应更为敏感，直接采用非本地物种的PNEC可能导致本地物种"欠保护"。基于获取的急慢性PNEC，采用商值法表征长三角地区地表水生态风险，结果表明，基于急性PNEC和通用物种慢性PNEC评估风险，可能低估NP的生态风险。基于中国本地物种的慢性PNEC得到NP长三角地区地表水的RQ均值为0.23~1.55，其中，骆马湖具有高风险；太湖、长江南京段RQ最大值超过1，表明个别区域具有高风险，值得进一步关注。综上，NP对本地水生生物的慢性毒性效应较为明显，应持续关注NP长期危害并采取相关措施保障生态系统安全。Abstract: Nonylphenol (NP) is a typical type of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with endocrine-disrupting effect. Its ecological risk has caused increasing concerns owing to its degradation-resistance, bioaccumulation, and widespread distribution in the environment. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method has been widely used for establishing water quality criteria (WQC) and performing ecological risk assessment (ERA) of the water environment. However, the selected sensitive species may exhibit different toxicity sensitivity in different geographical regions, which would affect the results of WQC and ERA. In this study, SSD was applied to calculate the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) based on the acute and chronic toxicity data of the general sensitive species and native sensitive species in China. The results showed that there was little difference between the PNECs derived from the general sensitive species and native sensitive species based on the acute toxicity data, which indicated that the sensitivity of native species towards the acute toxicity effect of NP is similar to that of general species. However, the PNECs based on the chronic toxicity data were quite different, and the Chinese native species appeared to be more sensitive than general species to the chronic toxicity effect of NP. As a result, direct use of the PNECs derived from non-local species may lead to insufficient protection of Chinese native species. Based on the PNECs derived from the acute and chronic toxicity data, the risk quotient (RQ) method was used to characterize the ecological risk of NP in the surface waters of Yangtze River Delta. The results showed that the RQ based on PNECs derived from the acute data and chronic data of general sensitive species may lead to an underestimation of the ecological risk. The mean RQ values based on the PNECs derived from the chronic data of Chinese native sensitive species ranged from 0.23 to 1.55. Luoma Lake was found at a high risk, and the maximum RQ values of Taihu Lake and Yangtze River (Nanjing) exceeded 1, indicating the high risk of the individual areas which deserve further attentions. In conclusion, the chronic toxic effect of NP on Chinese native aquatic organisms can be identified, and continuous attention should be paid to the long-term adverse effect of NP, for which actions should be taken to ensure the health of the aquatic ecosystem.
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